A comparative study is presented of the estimated wind load capacities of low-rise steel building frames based on loading patterns ~magnitude and distribution! established from aerodynamic databases on the one hand, and on patterns specified in the ASCE 7 Standard on the other. The estimated capacities are based on the assumption, verified by numerous sets of calculations, and also used in the ...

The prediction of aerodynamic characteristics and smart flap of airfoil under the ground effect are carried out by the integration of computational fluid dynamics. Considering different types of beams, a parametric bending profile of a smart flap is designed. Cantilever beam with uniformly varying load with roller support at the free end is considered in here. A pressure-based implicit procedur...

Flight at high elevation is energetically demanding because of parallel reductions in air density and oxygen availability. The hovering flight of hummingbirds is one of the most energetically expensive forms of animal locomotion, but hummingbirds are nonetheless abundant at high elevations throughout the Americas. Two mechanisms enhance aerodynamic performance in high-elevation hummingbirds: in...

The purpose of this paper is to explore the nature of aerodynamic drag losses, relate them to aerothermodynamic losses in the aircraft as a whole, and develop methods for assessing drag chargeability. The concept of the aerodynamic “loss deck” is introduced and applied to the analysis of an F-5E fighter. It is shown that this loss deck can be used to integrate aero losses through the vehicle mi...

A CFD study on heat flux reduction in hypersonic flow with opposing jet has been conducted. Flowfield parameters, reattachment point position, surface pressure distributions and heat flux distributions are obtained and validated with experiments. The physical mechanism of heat reduction has been analyzed. When the opposing jet blows, the freestream is blocked off, flows to the edges and not int...

Shape control of adaptive wings has the potential to enhance wing aerodynamic performance during cruise and high-speed off-design conditions. A possible way to attain this objective is to develop specific technologies for trailing edge morphing, aimed at variating the airfoil camber. In the framework of SARISTU project (EU-FP7), an innovative structural system incorporating a gapless deformable...

In this work, different modelling aspects of helicopter aerodynamics are discussed. The helicopter model is on Sikorsky configuration, main rotor in perpendicular combination with a tail rotor. The rotors are articulated and their blades are rigid. The main rotor implementation takes into account flap, lag and feather degrees of freedom for each of the equispaced blades as well as their dynamic...

ScMf.r^ A review of lighter aircraft development programs over the pas t.three decades Indicates a trend of increasing emphasis on the considera tion of static aeroe las tic effects. While early concerns addressed only the impact on air vehicle structural integrity, current design philosophy recognizes and addresses aen jelastlclty as a primary design parameter affecting structural optimiza tio...

This study examined the aerodynamic power output change of wind turbines with inter-turbine spacing variation for a 6 MW wind farm composed of three sets of 2 MW wind turbines using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The wind farm layout design is becoming increasingly important as the use of wind energy is steadily increasing. Among the many wind farm layout design parameters, the inter-turbi...

Most insects are thought to fly by creating a leading-edge vortex that remains attached to the wing as it translates through a stroke. In the species examined so far, stroke amplitude is large, and most of the aerodynamic force is produced halfway through a stroke when translation velocities are highest. Here we demonstrate that honeybees use an alternative strategy, hovering with relatively lo...