The aging musculoskeletal system experiences a general decline in structure and function, characterized by a reduced adaptability to environmental stress. We investigated whether the older human Achilles tendon (AT) demonstrates mechanosensitivity (via biomechanical and morphological adaptations) in response to long-term mechanical loading. Thirty-four female adults (60-75 years) were allocated...

The structural competence of the skeleton is maintained by an adaptive mechanism in which resident bone cells respond to load-induced strains. To investigate the possible role of the messenger molecule nitric oxide (NO) in this response, we studied NO production in well-characterized organ culture systems, rat long bone-derived osteoblast-like (LOBs) cells, and embryonic chick osteocytes (LOCYs...

a control process dominated by the "error" signals associated with loading situations to which the bone was not habituated rather than one driven by prolonged exposure to customary loading. Within these short periods of loading high strains 2 , high strain rates 3 and interruption of strain cycles with periods of rest 4 all increase a strain regimen's osteogenic potential. The effects of vibrat...

BACKGROUND The adaptive nature of bone formation under mechanical loading is well known; however, the molecular and cellular mechanisms in vivo of mechanical loading in bone formation are not fully understood. To investigate both mechanisms at the early response against mechanotransduction in vivo, we employed a noninvasive 3-point bone bending method for mouse tibiae. It is important to invest...

Multicarrier Modulation (MCM) gains growing interests in high data rate communications for both wire and wireless environment. The channel estimation is a crucial aspect in MCM systems. A novel channel estimation algorithm [6] exploiting the channel information contained in the cyclic prefix outperforms the existing adaptive equalization scheme [Z]. In this paper theoretical analysis is carried...

In this paper, unequal error protection (UEP) adaptive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is considered. Our proposed transmission scheme consists of three stages. The inner stage is a UEP adaptive loading, which is introduced to fulfill a certain UEP profile by distributing bits and power across the unitarily transformed eigenbe...

To determine the effect of estrogen receptors (ER) α and β on bones' adaptive response to loading, we subjected the right tibiae of mice lacking ERα or ERβ activity to either axial loading or to disuse. Adaptive changes in architecture were assessed by comparing differences between the right (treated) and left (control) tibiae in these genotypes as assessed by microcomputed tomography. In femal...

Regulation of load-induced bone formation is considered a local phenomenon controlled by osteocytes, although it has also been hypothesized that functional adaptation may be neuronally regulated. The aim of this study was to examine bone formation in multiple bones, in response to loading of a single bone, and to determine whether adaptation may be neuronally regulated. Load-induced responses i...

A generalized discrete multitone (GDMT) scheme that not only uses the guard interval but also redundancy in the frequency domain for equalization has been introduced recently [1, 2, 3]. Instead of assigning all redundancy in the time domain it allows to take advantage of unused subcarriers to remove ISI and ICI. In this paper, we calculate the signal-to-noise ratio for each subcarrier for the z...

The ability of bone to respond to mechanical stimuli has been known for over a century; however, it has only been in the past several decades that great gains have been made in terms of understanding the factors that influence this response. For instance, we now know that 1) bone preferentially responds to dynamic rather than static stimuli, 2) only short durations of loading are necessary to i...