In this paper the trade restrictiveness of agricultural policies in Iran was measured by the TRIindex for the nine major agricultural products including wheat, rice, barely, maize, soybean,meat (beef meat), soybean oil, sugar and banana over the period 1981 to 2007. The main resultsindicate that there is no trend in above index and high volatility especially in 2006 and 2007years due to conside...

Abstract We consider licensing of a non-drastic innovation by licensor that interacts with potential licensee in Stackelberg duopoly, comparing per-unit and ad-valorem royalty two-part contracts showing why when each deal should be used. contribute three findings to the literature. First, is preferred plays as leader marketplace, but follower. Second, only innovations do not hurt consumers are ...

Perfect competition or Bertrand competition cause price to equal marginal cost, so that excise tax incidence can be illustrated with the most basic supply-demand diagram. Some results are: • excise taxes are shared by suppliers and demanders according to their relative price elasticities • holding revenue fixed, it doesn’t matter (for supply price, demand price, and quantity traded) whether the...

This paper incorporates more general cases with a new class of constantly adjusted concavity demand curves and includes three types taxes. To verify the output symmetry under various forms taxation, we simulate both linear constant elasticity functions unit, ad valorem, cost valorem If all in submarkets are linear, total outputs identical uniform pricing third-degree price discrimination. Furth...

There is policy interest in using tax to change food purchasing behaviour. The literature has not accounted for the oligopolistic structure of the industry. In oligopoly the impact of taxes depend on preferences, and how firms pass tax onto prices. We consider a tax on saturated fat. Using transaction level data we find that the form of tax and firms’ strategic behaviour are important determina...