This article develops an understanding of the governance of urban nightlife. The starting point is that a night out in the post-industrial, consumptionoriented city is as much about issues of economic development and creativity as it is about ‘law and order’ and ‘social control’. Further, a number of groups often with conflicting interests, such as the local state, police, licensing magistrates...

Rational offender models assume that individuals choose whether to offend by weighing the rewards against the chances of apprehension and the penalty if caught. While evidence indicates that rational theory is applicable to acquisitive crimes, the explanatory power for gratuitous non-fatal violent offending has not been evaluated. Lottery-type questions elicited risk attitudes and time preferen...

In light of the controversy about the linguistic properties of chimpanzee signing behavior, the recent sign use of 5 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) with long histories of sign use was analyzed while they interacted with longtime human companions. Four corpora from 1992 to 1999 consisting of 3,448 sign utterances were examined. The chimpanzees predominantly used object and action signs. There was...

Introduction: Water availability is one of the main factors determining distribution woody species in tropics. Although functional mechanisms that determine tolerance to water deficit have been extensively studied adult individuals, responses early ontogenetic stages less explored. Objective: To identify strategies and trait correlations between different seedlings' dimensions (leaf, stem, root...

We provide a critical discussion of the concept drug-related crime and review methods for estimating its volume, emphasising the importance of an appropriately defined counterfactual. We then construct new estimates for England and Wales in 2003-6, combining data from the Arrestee Survey and Offending Crime and Justice Survey to ensure adequate coverage of prolific offenders/drug users and nonh...

our problem in this article is ibn miskawayh’s analysis of the nature of happiness, and its methodology is descriptive- analytic. ibn miskawayh considers happiness as “good” and “perfection” with respect to their holders; so, he establishes some inseparability between happiness, and good and perfection. ibn miskawayh has two definitions for the concept of good. he divides this conception into s...