Fuzzy logic generalises classical logic; in addition to the latter’s truth values “false” and “true”, the former allows also intermediary truth degrees. The conjunction is, accordingly, interpreted by an operation acting on a chain, making the set of truth degrees into a totally ordered monoid. We present in this chapter two different ways of investigating this type of algebras. We restrict to ...

4 Darwin’s dictum on false facts and false views points the way to opening the 5 road to truth via cogent criticism of the published record. Here I discuss a case in 6 which a truncated dataset (false facts) is used for coalescent analysis of historical 7 demography that reaches a foregone conclusion of a bottleneck of numbers (false 8 views). 9 “False facts are highly injurious to the progress...

Telling lies often requires creating a story about an experience or attitude that does not exist. As a result, false stories may be qualitatively different from true stories. The current project investigated the features of linguistic style that distinguish between true and false stories. In an analysis of five independent samples, a computer-based text analysis program correctly classified lia...

The neutrosophic set (NS) is a more general platform which generalizes the concept of crisp, fuzzy, and intuitionistic fuzzy sets to describe the membership functions in terms of truth, indeterminacy, and false degree. Under this environment, the present paper proposes an improved score function for ranking the single as well as interval-valued NSs by incorporating the idea of hesitation degree...

In this paper, we compare the results of five 3D interest point detection techniques to the interest points marked by human subjects. This comparison is used to quantitatively evaluate the interest point detection algorithms. We asked human subjects to look at a number of 3D models, and mark interest points on the models via a web-based interface. We propose a voting-based method to construct g...

Research suggests that young children may see a direct and one-way connection between facts about the world and epistemic mental states (e.g., belief). Conventions represent instances of active constructions of the mind that change facts about the world. As such, a mature understanding of convention would seem to present a strong challenge to children's simplified notions of epistemic relations...

Possibilistic logic in general [7, 8, 9, 10] investigates how possibilistic uncertainty about propositions is propagated when making inferences in a formal logical system. In this paper, we look at a very particular aspect of possibilistic logic: we investigate how, under certain independence assumptions, the introduction of possibilistic uncertainty in classical propositional logic leads to th...

as a one of the most important figures of speech among linguistic phenomena, metonymy is considered to be a factor involved in understanding the meaning of the speaker's intention correctly, hence it is frequently investigated from various aspects of literature, principles of jurisprudence and theology. ibn jinni was a famous grammarian and linguist in the 4th century a.h (10th century ad) who ...

Many studies probe for interpretations of by having people evaluate truth-table cases (e.g., , , , <not-A_not-C) as making the rule true or false, or being irrelevant. We argue that a single case can never prove a general rule to be true, as philosophy of science has taught any researcher. Giving subjects the impossible ‘true’ option would therefore bias res...