The aim of this paper is to refine, from a configurational perspective, the understanding of causal conditions underlying performance differences between new academic technology-based firms. Qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), a research strategy conceived to investigate parsimonious configurations that explain a given result of interest in small-N populations, was adopted as the methodolog...

Multiferroics, showing simultaneous ordering of electrical and magnetic degrees of freedom, are remarkable materials as seen from both the academic and technological points of view. A prominent mechanism of multiferroicity is the spin-driven ferroelectricity, often found in frustrated antiferromagnets with helical spin order. There, as for conventional ferroelectrics, the electrical dipoles ari...

Two- and three-photon electron spin echoes of a two-level system are observed using, in addition to the microwave excitation, a linearly polarized radio-frequency field oriented along the static magnetic field B(0). Such multiphoton echoes are detected when the sum of the energies of one microwave and one or two radio-frequency photons are equal to the difference between energies of two spin st...

The rotation of a spin subject to an on-resonance soft pulse and simultaneously to a soft pulse at a nearby frequency may strongly deviate from the desired rotation expected for a single on-resonance pulse. The deviation is the result of transient frequency shifts of the spin caused by the off-resonance irradiation. We show that the resulting error can be corrected by shifting the frequency of ...

Theoretical and experimental aspects of T,, are discussed for a heteronuclear HX twospin system (T$) where only the X nucleus is spin-locked. An expression for TE in terms of spectral density functions and the effective magnetic field parameters is developed. It shows that T:, offers potentially dierent information about the spectral densities than either r:, TF, or the steady-state NOEX. We pr...

A theoretical description of ‘H‘H dipolar nuclear spin relaxation in a multispin system has been worked out by forming a diffusion equat ion for a one-dimensional chain of equidistant spins. The spin-diffusion equat ion is formed from first principles by assuming nearest neighbor interactions for a molecule undergoing isotropic random reorientation. This equat ion descr ibes dilfusion only in t...

Laser-induced excitation spectra of the two bands ã B 1–X̃ A 1, 2 0 1 and 10 1 of SO2 and SO2 have been recorded in a supersonic jet at a resolution of 0.015 cm. The rotational and electron-spin fine structure has been analyzed for both isotopic species. Analysis of the rotational and electron-spin fine structure yields precise values of the rotational constants A, B, and C and the spin constant...