There are at least two distinct ways of conceiving of syntax: the set of rules that enable speakers and listeners to combine the meaning of expressions (compositional syntax), or the set of formal constraints on the combinations of expressions (formal syntax). The question that occupies us in this paper is whether all languages include a significant formal syntax component or whether there are ...

Chalmers’s philosophical work exploits a distinctive version of two-dimensionalism, a formal modal framework from the 1960s and 1970s that one can use to define two kinds of possible worlds semantic values. Chalmers presents this as the best form of a Fregean account of content. One of the principal aims of Constructing the World is to provide its metaphysical foundations. Chalmers presents him...

Participants in public distributed computing do not find it easy to trust each other. The massive number of parties involved, their heterogeneous backgrounds, disparate goals and independent nature are not a good basis for the development of relationships through purely social mechanisms. This paper discusses the trust management issues that arise in the context of the XenoServer Open Platform:...

In a number of works, Rudolf Carnap provided ingenious and systematic approaches to the understanding of scientific knowledge (see, for instance, Carnap 1928, 1934, 1947, 1950a, b). As is well known, his proposals faced three important changes: (i) the early phenomenalism of the Logische Aufbau der Welt (Carnap 1928) was replaced by the physicalism of Logische Syntax der Sprache (Carnap 1934); ...

In this article, we study the new streamline diffusion finite element for treating the linear second order hyperbolic initial-boundary value problem. We prove a posteriori $ L^2(L^2)$ and error estimates for this method under minimal regularity hypothesis. Test problem of an application of the wave equation in the laser is presented to verify the efficiency and accuracy of the method.