UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Infectious diseases associated with poor sanitation such as diarrhoea, intestinal worms, trachoma and lymphatic filariasis continue to cause a large disease burden in low income settings and contribute substantially to child mortality and morbidity. Obtaining health impact data for rural sanitation campaigns poses a number of methodological challenges. Here we describe ...

Deforestation ClearsWay for Zoonotic Malaria inMalaysia Intensivedeforestation inMalaysia’s rainforests isexposingmorehumanstoatypeofmalariapreviouslyfoundonly in long-tailandpigtailmacaques, reportaninternational teamof investigators (Fornace KM et al. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016;22[2]:201-209). An increase in the number of human infections with the zoonotic malaria species Plasmodium knowlesi have...

BACKGROUND While the few studies that have looked at the association between stunting and aflatoxin exposure have found surprisingly large effects, the results remain inconclusive due to a lack of randomized controlled studies. This protocol describes a non-blinded, cluster-randomized controlled trial with the specific objective of testing the impact of reduced aflatoxin exposure on (individual...

UNLABELLED Apart from a single report, the last publication of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Mali dates back more than 20 years. The absence of information on the current status of CL in Mali led us to conduct a cohort study in Kemena and Sougoula, two villages in Central Mali from which cases of CL have been recently diagnosed by Mali's reference dermatology center in Bamako. In May 2006, we...

in order to have a rational environmental health planning we need to know the status of environmental health and foresee the results of the projects in action. so a general sanitary survey was carried out in 105 villages in isfahan area in 1969-70. the purposes of this survey were to study the sanitary condition and bacteriblogica1 quality of water in villages with or with out community water s...

BACKGROUND Male circumcision is being widely deployed as an HIV prevention strategy in countries with high HIV incidence, but its uptake in sub-Saharan Africa has been below targets. We did a study to establish whether educating religious leaders about male circumcision would increase uptake in their village. METHODS In this cluster randomised trial in northwest Tanzania, eligible villages we...

BACKGROUND This study evaluated the impact of age and pneumococcal vaccination on the density of pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage. METHODS A cluster-randomized trial was conducted in rural Gambia. In 11 villages (the vaccine group), all residents received 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-7), while in another 10 villages (the control group), only children <30 months old or born...

Until the middle eighteenth century, South India had been under the rule of the Mughal Empire. There were administrative units called magans which are almost equivalent to counties of today. In the late eighteenth century, the colonial policy was introduced by the British and the Mughal Empire had gradually lost its power in South India. To govern the area and collect taxes, the British appoint...

Trypanosoma cruzi, the hemoflagellate parasite and cause of Chagas disease in Latin America, is carried by Triatomine vectors, principally Triatoma dimidiata and Rhodnius prolixus in Central America. To assist control efforts and to understand the epidemiology of the disease in Guatemala, the population genetics of T. dimidiata was analyzed among three houses within a village and two adjacent v...

The rapid urbanization is giving changes to China’s appearance. Urban areas, for their own sake, are encroaching on lands and villages. The traditional villages are open to exploitation for the development of tourism. They are severely destroyed and the buildings significantly altered for more economic benefits. The traditional culture has been lost; instead, modern villages are constructed. Pe...