Shortly after arriving in the Shetland archipelago early 4th millennium BC, communities began to quarry and make stone tools from riebeckite felsite, quarried Northmavine region of North Mainland. The effort expended traveling sites, extracting, making crafting was considerable indicating importance felsite Neolithic communities. Results Roe Felsite Project are presented this paper. quarrying d...

In this study, the political relationship between Mesopotamia and Elam in third millennium BC has been dwelled on Elam’s history aimed to be enlightened. subject period, two dynasties, named respectively Awan Šimaški, have become prominent politically Elam. However, here, almost contemporary with Third Dynasty of Ur, Šimaški out scope, process when Elam's first appearance history, from 27th cen...

the interactions between southeastern sites of iranian plateau and western sites in susa and mesopotamia in the third millennium b.c is one of the most controversial aspects of the near eastern archaeology. it seems that with some structural changes in these sites from the middle of 4th millennium b.c that led to long distance trade between mesopotamia and indus valley, these sites were related...

One of the more intractable problems that archaeobiologists struggle with is how to characterise ancient subsistence systems when the plant and animal remains that we study are incommensurate in so many ways. Three examples from the upper Euphrates and Iran illustrate how changes in plant remains are associated with changes in animal exploitation. Two of them consider the agropastoral continuum...

In the ancient Near East, all military protagonists were ruthless in their treatment of prisoners. The Egyptians were forced to undertake repeated punitive operations against their north-eastern neighbours from the second half of the third millennium BC. The Mesopotamians occasionally made military expeditions as far as the Mediterranean coast of Asia Minor, and the Agadean dynasty controlled t...

In this paper charcoals from the Syrian sites Tell Mozan and Jerablus are investigated to understand impact of 4th 2nd millennium BC settlement on vegetation. Charcoals these have been identified oak fragments measured for their maximal diameter annual ring widths. Our results show that while had reached its expansion in Mid-Holocene, vegetation Euphrates Valley was lusher than today, strong an...