this study was carried out to investigate the important characteristics in some cultivars/genotypes of persianwalnut (juglans regia l.), black walnut (j. nigra l.), and walnut inter-specific hybrids: paradox (j. hindsii × j.regia) and royal (j. hindsii × j. nigra) in kamalshahr research station in karaj in 2011-2012. in the study,vegetative vigor was evaluated based on trunk cross-sectional are...

These projects reflect the core appearances that give rise to the Liar paradox (and its ilk). Semantic paradoxes arise, at least in part, from the appearance that we can ‘exhaustively characterize’ all sentences of our language in terms of ‘semantically significant’ predicates, and truly do as much in our language. Consider the classical picture according to which our semantically significant p...

Certain doxastic paradoxes (paradoxes analogous to the Paradox of the Liar but involving ideal belief instead of truth) demonstrate that some formal paradoxes cannot be avoided simply by limiting the expressiveness of one's formal language in order to exclude the very possibility of self-referential thoughts and beliefs. These non-selfreferential paradoxes, moreover, should be of special intere...

In his famous paper announcing the incompleteness theorem, Gödel remarked that, though his argument is analogous to the Richard and the Liar paradoxes, “Any epistemological antinomy could be used for a similar proof of the existence of undecidable propositions.” ([7] Note 14). It is interesting that, despite the fact that the soundness of arguments like Gödel’s one built on self–reference (or d...

We study self-referential sentences of the type related to the Liar paradox. In particular, we consider the problem of assigning consistent fuzzy truth values to collections of self-referential sentences. We show that the problem can be reduced to the solution of a system of nonlinear equations. Furthermore, we prove that, under mild conditions, such a system always has a solution (i.e. a consi...

The fundamental proposal in this article is that logical formulas of the form (f ↔ ¬f) are not contradictions, and that formulas of the form (t ↔ t) are not tautologies. Such formulas, wherever they appear in mathematics, are instead reason to conclude that f and t have a third truth value, different from true and false. These formulas are circular definitions of f and t. We can interpret the i...

Gödel's theorem may be demonstrated using arguments having an information-theoretic flavor. In such an approach it is possible to argue that if a theorem contains more information than a given set of axioms, then it is impossible for the theorem to be derived from the axioms. In contrast with the traditional proof based on the paradox of the liar, this new viewpoint suggests that the incomplete...

According to Emma Borg, minimalism is (roughly) the view that natural language sentences have truth conditions, and that these truth conditions are fully determined by syntactic structure and lexical content. A principal motivation for her brand of minimalism is that it coheres well with the popular view that semantic competence is underpinned by the cognition of a minimal semantic theory. In t...

1 This thesis develops a new approach to the formal denition of a truth predicate that allows a consistent, semantically closed denition within classical logic. The approach is built on an analysis of structural properties of languages that make Liar Sentences and the paradoxical argument possible. By focusing on these conditions, standard formal denitions of semantics are shown to impose syste...