In the 1980s, the development of Doppler echocardiography, especially pulsed wave Doppler techniques, provided significant progress in determining cardiac flow volumes. The pulsed wave Doppler method is based on a simple mathematical principle, which multiplies a flow area by its velocity during the flow time (velocity–time integral) to estimate a flow volume. This Doppler method assumes a spat...

The Boxer dogs have high predisposition to show dilated cardiomyopathy (DC). Consequently the evaluation of the left atrium size is important to the assessment of the severity of this disease. In the present study, the aortic root (AO) and left atrium (LA) dimensions were evaluated using two-dimensional (2D) and M mode (M) echocardiography in 36 healthy Boxer dogs. There were used 18 males and ...

We report the case of a 66-year-old man with heart failure NYHA class IV treated with biventricular pacing for cardiac resynchronization. The patient was evaluated by real-time three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography before and 48 hours after pacemaker implantation. The use of three-dimensional echocardiography contributed to understanding the underlying mechanism involved in cardiac r...

AIMS Knowledge of right ventricular (RV) function may be crucial in diagnosis and proper management of patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction (MI). Standard echocardiography has several drawbacks, tissue Doppler echocardiography (TDE) and real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE) could be used for evaluation of the RV performance. The purpose of this study was to assess ...

BACKGROUND Three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography has been reported to be valuable for evaluating the geometry of cardiac chambers. We validated the accuracy of 3D transthoracic echocardiography for quantifying aortic root geometry in comparison with cardiac multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT). METHODS Twenty-three patients who underwent cardiac MDCT and showed normal left ventricular ...

BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to explore the differential effect of 3-dimensional color Doppler echocardiography for the quantification of mitral regurgitation (MR). Two-dimensional color Doppler echocardiography-based MR quantification has well-documented limitations. METHODS AND RESULTS We consecutively enrolled 221 patients with MR. Adequate image quality was obtained by 2D- and 3D-c...

The complex geometry and structure of the right ventricular (RV) cavity make the assessment of RV function and volumes by 2-dimensional (2D) echocardiography arduous. Highly trabeculated endocardial border and bellows-like contractile pattern are not explicitly imaged by 2D echocardiography. Furthermore, the retrosternal position of the right ventricle hinders its visualization, and minimal cha...

  Cor triatriatum is an acyanotic congenital heart disease. We present a rare case of cor triatriatum sinistrum in a 6-month-old female infant who was presented with cyanosis and failure to thrive. The 2D transthoracic echocardiography and the Doppler color flow imaging showed a proximal venous chamber communicating to the distal left atrium  through restrictive opening to the low-pressure, dis...

Doppler optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a technique to image tissue morphology and to measure flow in turbid media. In its most basic form, it is based on single (Mie) scattering. However, for highly scattering and dense media multiple and concentration dependent scattering can occur. For Intralipid solutions with varying scattering strength, the effect of multiple and dependent scatterin...