there are two major theories of measurement in psychometrics: classical test theory (ctt) and item-response theory (irt). despite its widespread and long use, ctt has a number of shortcomings, which make it problematic to be used for practical and theoretical purposes. irt tries to solve these shortcomings, and provide better and more dependable answers. one of the applications of irt is the as...

the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of implicit focus on form through input flooding and the effect of noticing, explicit focus on form on linguistic accuracy. to fulfill the purpose of the study, 86 iranian pre-intermediate efl learners of one of the language institutes were chosen by means of administering ket as the homogeneity test. these learners were pretested throug...

تغییر اقلیم تأثیرات متعددی بر مقدار بارش می­گذارد و گرمایش نیز با شتاب بخشیدن به خشک شدن زمین، منجر به افزایش فراوانی و شدت خشکسالی­ها می­شود که این خود بر منحنی­های سختی- مدت- فراوانی خشکسالی (SDF) مؤثر خواهد بود. هدف از این پژوهش، ارزیابی اثرات تغییر اقلیم بر منحنی­های SDF در حوزه آبریز قره‌سو واقع در استان گلستان در دوره آتی می­باشد. ابتدا متغیرهای بارش و دما با استفاده از سری زمانی میانگین ...

like any other learning activity, translation is a problem solving activity which involves executing parallel cognitive processes. the ability to think about these higher processes, plan, organize, monitor and evaluate the most influential executive cognitive processes is what flavell (1975) called “metacognition” which encompasses raising awareness of mental processes as well as using effectiv...

abstract this study aimed at investigating the possible relationship between self-assessment in writing and self-regulation of iranian efl learners. the main purpose of the study was not only to report and inform about this relationship, but also to investigate and find practical outcomes of the incorporation of self-assessment in writing, such as improving writing skill. the research was carr...

just as motivation is important in sla research, demotivation constitutes an important factor, too. there are many studies done on demotivation and burnout of teachers. many of these studies have been conducted on one or two aspects of english instruction. consequently, there are few studies which have been done on more than two aspects of english teaching. the aim of this study is to find out ...