The canton of Basel-Stadt was the only canton in Switzerland which introduced drinking water fluoridation (DWF) at 1 ppm (mg/l). All other cantons have relied on fluoridated domestic salt at 250 ppm F as the main vehicle for basic fluoride exposure. It has been suggested that persons living and working in the DWF areas or persons commuting to the DWF areas may be exposed to higher than optimal ...

In Iraq. the municipalities are responsible for the production and delivery of drinking water (DW) .The quality of DW in Iraq is greatly deteriorated because of the war operation in this country Objective to study the effects of manganese chloride on histological testes, epididymis and kidney of rats and explore the dose –effects and time effects .The rats are randomly divided into six treatmen...

OBJECTIVE To explore the association between fluoride in drinking water and the prevalence and severity of fluorosis and dental caries in children living in communities receiving fluoridated salt. MATERIAL AND METHODS Participants were schoolchildren (n = 457) living in two rural areas of the State of Morelos, Mexico, where the water fluoride concentration was 0.70 or 1.50 ppm. Dental caries ...

Abstract--Acute oral doses of neutralized 2-N-ethylaminoethanol (EAE) in rats greatly increased gastric secretion, resulting in dehydration and death after 3-4 days. The effect of EAE on gastric secretion did not appear to be due to osmotic effects or to histopathological changes in the gastro-intestinal tract. Short-term administration of neutralized EAE in the drinking water produced evidence...

BACKGROUND Although the benefits of water fluoridation for dental health are widely accepted, concerns remain about possible adverse effects, particularly effects on bone. Several investigators have suggested increased rates of hip fracture in places with high concentrations of fluoride in drinking water, but this finding has not been consistent, possibly because of unrecognised confounding eff...

p53 knockout mice have been utilized for the functional analysis of p53 in carcinogenic processes and for the evaluation of the carcinogenic potential of chemicals. In this study, we established that p53 knockout mice have an elevated susceptibility to the induction of histiocytic sarcoma (HS) by N-bis(2-hydroxy-propyl)nitrosamine (BHP). p53 heterozygous (+/-) and wild-type (+/+) mice were trea...

One unintentional result of widespread adoption of nitrogen application to croplands over the past 50 years has been nitrate contamination of drinking water with few studies evaluating the risk of colorectal cancer. In our population-based case-control study of 475 women age 20-74 years with colorectal cancer and 1447 community controls living in rural Wisconsin, drinking water nitrate exposure...

Introduction: It has been proved that sufficient amount of fluoride in drinking water can decrease the rate of dental caries. The aim of this study was to determine fluoride content of drinking waters in the 8 cities of Kerman province as well as 11 types of mineral water sold in supermarkets of Kerman. Method: Fluoride contents of 42 drinking water samples belonged to 8 cities of Kerman provin...

the aim of this study was to determine the concentration of free residual chlorine in the effluent at different concentrations of chlorine injection, between 50 to 350 ppm, at the ph levels of 6, 6.5 and 7 and the effect of chlorination on ph, electrical conductivity and the concentration of total dissolved solids in drinking water and effluent. the results showed that the concentration of free...