Abstract In the Islamic world, idea of “philosopher-king” became a relevant theme particularly from tenth century onwards. Al-Fārābī, political philosopher Islam par excellence, discussed perfect city ruled by philosopher-king along lines Plato. Although al-Fārābī’s thinking is susceptible to various interpretations, it contains key that was most significant for his readers: human beings must s...

Using a wide range of modern mineralogical and physicochemical methods, representative collection human bones from seven burial grounds the Vychegda Permians 11th–14th centuries was studied. The microstructure bones, their chemical normative-mineral composition, content microelements, nanoporosity organo-mineral composite, composition properties bioanatite bone collagen were analyzed. Fundament...