In three experiments, we compared the effectiveness of rainbow writing and retrieval practice, two common methods of spelling instruction. In experiment 1 (n=14), second graders completed 2 days of spelling practice, followed by spelling tests 1 day and 5 weeks later. A repeated measures analysis of variance demonstrated that spelling accuracy for words trained with retrieval practice was highe...

An edge-colored graph is \emph{rainbow }if no two edges of the have same color. $G^c$ called \emph{properly colored} if every adjacent receive distinct colors in $G^c$. A \emph{strongly edge-colored} a proper such that path length $3$ rainbow. We call an vertex pair-pancyclic} any vertices are contained rainbow cycle $\ell$ for each with $3 \leq \ell n$. In this paper, we show strongly order $n...

Polysialoglycoproteins (PSGP) we first isolated from the unfertilized eggs of rainbow trout (Salmo gairderi) and now found to be a ubiquitous component of Salmonidae fish eggs are a novel type of glycoprotein. PSGP from rainbow trout has a molecular weight of 200 X 10(3), a low protein content (about 15% w/w), and a high sialic acid (N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc] content (about 60%, w/w). I...

It has been described that fish nucleated red blood cells (RBCs) Background: generate a wide variety of immune-related gene transcripts when viruses highly replicate inside them and are their main target cell. The immune response and mechanisms of fish RBCs against viruses targeting other cells or tissues has not yet been explored and is the objective of our study. Rainbow trout RBCs were obtai...

the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of scrophularia striata water extract on the quality and shelf life of the rainbow trout fillet during superchilled storage. fish samples were treated with 1% and 3% s. striata water extract and then stored at -2°c for 20 days. the samples were analyzed periodically for chemical, microbial and sensory characteristics. results indicated that ...

A 2-rainbow dominating function ( ) of a graph  is a function  from the vertex set  to the set of all subsets of the set  such that for any vertex  with  the condition  is fulfilled, where  is the open neighborhood of . A maximal 2-rainbow dominating function on a graph  is a 2-rainbow dominating function  such that the set is not a dominating set of . The weight of a maximal    is the value . ...

Recent theoretical models suggest that perceived racism acts as a stressor for African Americans and may be associated with a variety of negative psychological consequences, notably paranoia. Paranoia among African Americans is believed to reflect the lower end of the paranoia continuum based on experiences with racism. Thus, it may be beneficial to measure paranoia on a continuum, but few stud...