background: it is not yet known which types of toll-like receptors (tlrs) are most effective in helicobacter pylori (h. pylori) recognition. it is also not known which gastric zones have the most prominent roles in tlr-mediated bacterial recognition. the aim of this work was to analyze the expression of tlr2 and tlr4 in biopsy specimens from h. pylori-infected patients. methods: thirty-eight pa...

Long COVID, also referred to as Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID (PASC), is probably triggered during SARS-CoV-2 infection and acute COVID-19 by Spike-protein binding hyper-activating the cell-membrane expressed Receptor for Advance Glycation End-products (mRAGE) Toll-Like 4 (TLR4). infects lung monocytes Spike mRAGE (not ACE2). During COVID-19, high levels IL-6 hyper-stimulate S100A8/A9 expression...

Abstract Objective: The previous studies indicated that the TLRs especially Toll-like receptor 4) TLR4 (are involved in the process of diabetes. The aim of the present research was to investigate the time course expression pattern of TLR4-a main component of innate immune system- in mRNA levels in the heart tissue of diabetic male wistar rats. Materials and Methods: In this research, adu...

Background: Pattern recognition receptors, especially toll-like receptors (TLRs), as the first line of defense for pathogen detection, were found to be associated with H.­ pylori infection and gastric cancer (GC). However, the expression levels of TLRs, i.e. TLR2 and TLR4, as the main receptors sensed by H.­ pylori, still remain largely ambiguous. We aimed to investigate the patterns of key tra...

The Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD-2) complex is a key of the innate immune system and major driver inflammation that responsible for multifaceted defense response to Gram-negative infections. However, dysfunction in tightly regulated mechanisms TLR4-mediated signaling leads uncontrolled upregulation local systemic inflammation, often resulting acute or chronic...

abstract objective: the previous studies indicated that the tlrs especially toll-like receptor 4) tlr4 (are involved in the process of diabetes. the aim of the present research was to investigate the time course expression pattern of tlr4-a main component of innate immune system- in mrna levels in the heart tissue of diabetic male wistar rats. materials and methods: in this research, adult wist...

Computational full-atom models of the agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-bound Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) embedded into a realistic plasma membrane reveal dynamic functional and structural insights TLR4 activation signaling across membrane, ectodomain bouncing movement, dimerization patterns (symmetric asymmetric) intracellular Toll/interleukin-1 (TIR) domain. These studies unveil molecular aspe...