Recent progress in the understanding of polyketide synthase (PKS) continues to fuel the growth of combinatorial biosynthesis for natural product structural diversity. The structural analysis of many components of PKS, in particular for the modular type I 6-deoxyerythronilide B synthase (DEBS) involved in erythromycin biosynthesis, has provided structural imperatives for the observed biochemistr...

هديكچ ط ي لاس اه ي خا ي ر پ ي تفرش لباق هظحلام ا ي رد طابترا اب لولس ه ا ي نب ي دا ي لصاح هدش تسا هک ون ي د شخب هار اهراک ي ون ي ن نامرد ي رد ب ي رام ي اه ي بعص جلاعلا م ي .دشاب ا ي ن لولس اه هک رد مامت ناگرا ي مس اه ي دنچ لولس ي روضح ،دنراد اناوت يي سقت ي م و دبت ي ل هب لولس اه يي سب ي را صاصتخا ي ار هتشاد و نچمه ي ن رداق هب اج ي زگ ي ن ...

صخلملا A total of 48 fresh water fishes, belonging to four species of the family Cyprinidae (Capoeta trutta, Chalcalburnus mossulensis, Cyprinion macrostomum and Leuciscus lepidus) were collected from Darbandikhan lake, southwest Sulaimaniya city, Kurdistan region, in the north of Iraq, from March to the end of July 2008. The inspection of gills revealed the infection of these fishes with four ...

ش ي ر ي ن ي فسو ي نا 1 (M.Sc) ، س ي د ما ي د انعر يي س ي تدا 1 (Ph.D) ، ونهد ناسحا ي 1 و 2 (Ph.D) ، قتدمحم ي جرب ي نا ـنجورب ي 1 (M.Sc) زاـنرف ن ي دازك نانمج ي 1 و 3 (M.Sc) 1 هاگشناد هش ي د تشهب ي ، هدكشناد ي سدنهم ي ژرنا ي روانف و ي اه ي ون ي ،ن امزآ ي هاگش بونان ي ژولونكتو ي ، ب هورگ ي ژولونكتو ي 2 هاگشناد برت ي ت هدكشناد ،سردم ي ز مولع ي تس ي 3 هاگشناد ملا...

Modular type I polyketide synthases (PKS) produce a vast array of bacterial metabolites with highly diverse biological functions. Notably, all known polyketides were isolated from aerobic bacteria, and yet no example has been reported for strict anaerobes. In this study we explored the diversity and distribution of PKS genes in the genus Clostridium. In addition to comparative genomic analyses ...

Plant type III polyketide synthase (PKS) can catalyse the formation of a series of secondary metabolites with different structures and different biological functions; the enzyme plays an important role in plant growth, development and resistance to stress. At present, the PKS gene has been identified and studied in a variety of plants. Here, we identified 11 PKS genes from upland cotton (Gossyp...

Type I polyketide synthases (PKSs) are multifunctional enzymes that are organized into modules, each of which minimally contains a beta-ketoacyl synthase, an acyltransferase (AT), and an acyl carrier protein. Here we report that the leinamycin (LNM) biosynthetic gene cluster from Streptomyces atroolivaceus S-140 consists of two PKS genes, lnmI and lnmJ, that encode six PKS modules, none of whic...

Bacillus and related genera in the Bacillales within the Firmicutes harbor a variety of secondary metabolite gene clusters encoding polyketide synthases and non-ribosomal peptide synthetases responsible for remarkable diverse number of polyketides (PKs) and lipopeptides (LPs). These compounds may be utilized for medical and agricultural applications. Here, we summarize the knowledge on structur...

Leinamycin (LNM) is biosynthesized by a hybrid nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS)-acyltransferase (AT)-less type I polyketide synthase (PKS). Characterization of LnmI revealed ketosynthase (KS)-acyl carrier protein (ACP)-KS domains at the NRPS-PKS interface. Inactivation of the KS domain or ACP domain in vivo abolished LNM production, and the ACP domain can be phosphopantetheinylated in vit...

إ ةيرهجملا جماربلا لمشي اذهو ،ةيرورملا ةآرحلا ةاآاحم جمارب روطت يف مهاس ةيتامولعملا ايجولونكتلا يف ريبكلا مدقتلا ن ) Microscopic ( ، نلا ىلع بلطلا ةاآاحم اًضيأ لمشي نايحلأا ضعب يفو ، تاعطاقتو قرط نم اهيف امب لقنلا ةموظنم ةاآاحمب حمسيل يللآا بساحلا تاقيبطت قاطنو لق . ةيرهجملا ةيرورملا ةآرحلا ةاآاحم جمارب نيب نراقتو عجارت ةقرولا هذهو ) Microscopic ( ةيلومشلاو ) Macroscopic ( فلاتخلاا هجوأ ىلع ةزآر...