A decentralized failure detection and isolation (FDI) methodology, which is robust with respect to model uncertainties and noise, is presented. Redundancy metrics are developed, and optimization problems are posed for the choices of robust parity relations. Closed-form solutions for some special failure cases are given. Connections are drawn with other disciplines, and the use of the metrics to...

We developed a novel strategy by oxidation-derivatization combined mass spectrometry analysis for the determination of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and 5-formylcytosine in both DNA and RNA. We reported the presence of 5-formylcytosine in RNA of mammals and found that ascorbic acid and hydroquinone can increase the oxidation of 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in DNA and RNA.

Recently, novel taurine-containing uridine derivatives were discovered in mammalian mitochondrial tRNAs, and these modified ribonucleosides existed at the first position of the anti-codon. This paper describes the chemical synthesis of these novel uridine derivatives, 5-taurinomethyluridine (tau m5U) and 5-taurinomethyl-2-thiouridine (tau m5s2U). These taurine-containing uridine derivatives wer...

I our recently published article on the structures and base pair opening dynamics of Dickerson−Drew dodecamer (DDD) duplexes with incorporated 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), or 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC), we inadvertently failed to reference two publications by others who had reported structures of the DDD with single 5hmC residues inserted per strand. Spingler and co-wo...

Tet family proteins have the ability to convert 5-methylcytosine (mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, and further to 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxycytosine. We found that CGmCGCG can be the substrate of Tet protein, and observed iterative oxidation of mC by HPLC analysis. We also demonstrated that Tet protein favours single-stranded DNA over double-stranded DNA.

5-Formylcytosine (5fC) and 5-formyluracil (5fU) are natural nucleobase modifications that are generated by oxidative modification of 5-methylcytosine and thymine (or 5-methyluracil). Herein, we describe chemoselective labeling of 5-formylpyrimidine nucleotides in DNA and RNA by fluorogenic aldol-type condensation reactions with 2,3,3-trimethylindole derivatives. Mild and specific reaction condi...

An enzymatic preparation from human brain converts tryptamine to tryptoline (9H-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrido(3,4-b)indole) in the presence of 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid. Similarly, N-methyltryptamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine yield 1-methyltryptoline and 5-hydroxytryptoline, respectively. Neither in vitro nor in vivo formation of these compounds by human tissues has been described.