Fragile X syndrome is associated with a CGG repeat expansion in the 5'-untranslated region of the FMR-1 gene. Within the FMR-1 promoter a CpG island is frequently methylated in fragile X patients. To identify the effect of methylation on FMR-1 expression, we transfected methylated and unmethylated constructs containing the FMR-1 promoter in front of the CAT gene (pFXCAT) into COS-1 cells. No di...

Thyroid hormones (TH) are known to stimulate in vitro oxygen consumption of tissues in mammals and birds. Hence, in many laboratory studies a positive relationship between TH concentrations and basal metabolic rate (BMR) has been demonstrated whereas evidence from species in the wild is scarce. Even though basal and field metabolic rates (FMR) are often thought to be intrinsically linked it is ...

INTRODUCTION In functional mitral regurgitation (FMR), effective regurgitant orifice area (EROA) displays a dynamic pattern. The impact of dynamic changes of annulus dysfunction and leaflets tenting on phasic EROA was explored with real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (RT3D-TEE). METHODS RT3D-TEE was performed in 52 FMR patients and 30 controls. Mitral annulus dimensio...

We consider nonlinear filtering applications to target tracking based on a vector of multi-scaled models where some of the processes are rapidly mean reverting to their local equilibria. We focus attention on target tracking problems because multiple scaled models with fast mean-reversion (FMR) are a simple way to model latency in the response of tracking systems. The main results of this paper...

Introduction Functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) is a ventricular disease characterized by mitral valve insufficiency in the absence of structural abnormalities of the valve leaflets or sub-valvular apparatus.1 It commonly provokes heart failure and frequently confers an increase in patient mortality and morbidity. Medical therapy has a limited role for management of FMR. When treated, FMR is...

BACKGROUND Quantitative assessment of the severity of mitral regurgitation (MR) is based on the calculation of the effective regurgitant orifice (ERO), a measure of lesion severity, and of the regurgitant volume (RVol), a measure of left ventricular volume overload. We aimed at evaluating the determinants of RVol in both organic (OMR) and functional mitral regurgitation (FMR). METHODS AND RES...

AIMS Functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) is a consequence of mitral annular enlargement, leaflet tethering and reduced co-aptation. The importance of the left atrium (LA) as a cause of mitral regurgitation (MR) is less clear. We applied a co-aptation index using three-dimensional (3D) transoesophageal echocardiography to FMR and MR secondary to LA dilatation (atrial mitral regurgitation, AMR)...

BACKGROUND Functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) occurs with a structurally normal valve as a complication of systolic left ventricular dysfunction (LVD). Determinants of degree of FMR are poorly defined; thus, mechanistic therapeutic approaches to FMR are hindered. METHODS AND RESULTS In a prospective study of 21 control subjects and 128 patients with LVD (defined as ejection fraction <50%, ...

Fragile X syndrome is the most frequent form of inherited mental retardation and is associated with a fragile site at Xq27.3. We identified human YAC clones that span fragile X site-induced translocation breakpoints coincident with the fragile X site. A gene (FMR-1) was identified within a four cosmid contig of YAC DNA that expresses a 4.8 kb message in human brain. Within a 7.4 kb EcoRI genomi...

[1] Ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy (FMR) can be used to measure the effective magnetic field within a sample, including the contributions of both magnetic anisotropy and magnetostatic interactions. One particular use is in the detection of magnetite produced by magnetotactic bacteria. These bacteria produce single-domain particles with narrow size and shape distributions that are often el...