Liver fibrosis is characterized by changes in tissue architecture and extracellular matrix composition. Liver fibrosis affects not only hepatocytes but also the non-parenchymal cells such as hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which are essential for maintaining an intact liver structure and function. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) is a multifunctional cytokine that induces liver fibrosis th...

Background: Regulatory T cells have been suggested to have a protective role against acute rejection in allograft recipients. However, there is little information available about their contribution to chronic rejection process. The role of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF- β1) as a profibrogenic and/or immunoregulatory cytokine in renal allografts is also controversial. Objectives: To eva...

Despite the extensive research conducted on relationship between transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) polymorphisms and levels onset development of liver disease, there are still certain gaps that need to be addressed. To address these provide a comprehensive overview current knowledge, this review aimed identify relevant published TGF-β1/TGF-β1 polymorphism, levels, their associations wi...

Transforming growth factor (TGF-β1) is among the strongest factors of liver fibrogenesis, but its association with Schistosoma-caused liver fibrosis is controversial. Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is the principal enzyme controlling TGF-β1 maturation and contributes to Sj-infected liver fibrosis. Here we aim to explore the consistency between tTG and TGF-β1 and TGF-β1 source and its correlation...

The critical involvement of TGF-β1 (transforming growth factor-β1) in DN (diabetic nephropathy) is well established. However, the role of CTGF (connective tissue growth factor) in regulating the complex interplay of TGF-β1 signalling networks is poorly understood. The purpose of the present study was to investigate co-operative signalling between CTGF and TGF-β1 and its physiological significan...

TGF-β-like activities of proteins unrelated to the cytokine could mimic its actions in fibrosis and cell proliferation. Thyroglobulin (Tg) has been identified as having a TGF-β receptor (TGFβR)-binding activity and is deposited in the glomerulus in certain immune-complex diseases. The aim of the present study is to determine whether Tg can reproduce the transcriptional activity of TGF-β1 in the...

In our previous study, 4-hexylresorcinol (4HR) increased the expression level of vascular endothelial growth factor in human umbilical vein cells (HUVECs) via transforming factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-mediated pathway. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrial stress is a positive regulator cellular differentiation. As TGF-β1 master for differentiation, 4HR treatment may increase ER stress. this HUVEC...

Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a potent regulator of extracellular matrix production, wound healing, differentiation, and immune response, and is implicated in the progression of fibrotic diseases and cancer. Extracellular activation of TGF-β1 from its latent form provides spatiotemporal control over TGF-β1 signaling, but the current understanding of TGF-β1 activation does not emphas...