6 The diverse set of Earth System Models used to conduct the CMIP5 ensemble partly sam7 ple the uncertainties in future climate projections. However, combining those projections 8 is complicated by the fact that models developed by different groups share ideas, code and 9 therefore biases. We propose a method for combining model results into single or multivari10 ate distributions which are mor...

In Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) models, the zonal-mean tropospheric circulation shifts robustly poleward in the Southern Hemisphere extratropics in response to increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations. However, in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) extratropics, the circulation response to CO2 is largely absent in the zonal mean and is instead characterized by complex regiona...

Changes in the frequency and intensity of rainfall are an important potential impact of climate change. Two modes of change, a shift and an increase, are applied to simulations of global warmingwithmodels from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). The response to CO2 doubling in the multimodel mean of CMIP5 daily rainfall is characterized by an increase of 1% K at all ra...

For climatemodels to simulate the continental energy storage of the Earth’s energy budget theymust capture the processes that partition energy across the land-atmosphere boundary.We evaluate herein the thermal consequences of these processes as simulated bymodels in the third phase of the paleoclimatemodelling intercomparison project and the fifth phase of the coupledmodel intercomparison proje...

Anthropogenic forcings have contributed to global and regional warming in the last few decades and likely affected terrestrial precipitation. Here we examine changes in major Köppen climate classes from gridded observed data and their uncertainties due to internal climate variability using control simulations from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5). About 5.7% of the global total l...

The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) has pronounced influences on weather and climate across the globe. This study provides a direct comparison of the observed AMO-related surface temperature and precipitation anomalies to those simulated in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) models. It is found that the model-simulated AMO-related features are obscured by the glob...

در این مقاله یک مدل ریاضی برای مسئله سیستم تولیدی همکارانه ساخت بر اساس سفارش با رعایت انصاف تخصیص بار‌های تولید طراحی شده است. اهداف اصلی مدل، کمینه‌سازی هزینه‌‌های کل و حداکثر استفاده از منابع به‌منظور عادلانه شرایط عدم­قطعیت کنترل پارامتر‌های غیرقطعی روش برنامه‌ریزی فازی ‌شده نتایج نشان می‌دهد افزایش نرخ عدم‌قطعیت، می­یابد. ازآنجاکه ظرفیت کارخانه‌ها ثابت است، مقدار تقاضا، هر کارخانه نیز می­ی...

For the 1960–2000 period, latest generation of climate models (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 [CMIP6]) shows less global mean surface temperature change relative to pre-industrial than that seen in observations. In contrast, previous (CMIP5) performed well over this period. It has been hypothesized suppressed late-20th Century warming CMIP6 is caused by a stronger aerosol forcing...

مگس مینوز سبزی و صیفی Liriomyza sativae Blanchard ، از مهم­ترین آفات ‌های گلخانه ای فضای باز، محسوب می شود. با توجه به توصیه کاربرد حشره­ کش تیوسیکلام جهت مدیریت آفت مزبور، در پژوهش حاضر، اثرات کشندگی زیرکشندگی(5/131:LC30، 1/87:LC20، 15/49:LC10 میلی گرم ماده موثره بر لیتر) حشره ­کش (اویسکت®SP50%) روی فراسنجه ­های زیستی این شرایط آزمایشگاهی مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. روش استفاده انجام آزمایش­ها غوط...