We present a novel ‘dazzle’ illusion, in which black/white negative bar embedded grating and viewed near peripheral vision can look doubled, as if there were two bars lying side by touching each other.

The influence of coloration on the ecology and evolution of moving animals in groups is poorly understood. Animals in groups benefit from the "confusion effect," where predator attack success is reduced with increasing group size or density. This is thought to be due to a sensory bottleneck: an increase in the difficulty of tracking one object among many. Motion dazzle camouflage has been hypot...

BACKGROUND Evidence suggests an association of breastfeeding with a maternal feeding style (MFS) that is less controlling than formula feeding, which, in turn, may improve a child's self-regulation of eating. This study examines associations of bottle-feeding practices during infancy with MFS and children's eating behavior (CEB) at 6 years old. METHODS We linked data from the Infant Feeding P...

Chinese express highway has following characteristics: incomplete control of access, divided directions, multiple lanes, heavy volume of traffic, high speed, severe lateral disturbance, etc. These lead to the highest traffic accident rate and death rate, which makes these express highways become the most unsafe highways in China. This study focuses on express highway to analysis its representat...

Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology This document describes suggested guidelines for preparation of the preprospectus and prospectus required for advancement to PhD candidacy in EEB. Prior to writing the preprospectus and prospectus, each student is responsible for obtaining approval from her/his advisor and committee that these suggested guidelines are in accordance with the goals s...

Some international standard regulate the use of the high strength concrete, which may not be adopted generally without consideration of the differences that can exist among the materials in different countries. This paper relate the results of an experimental study consisting of pull out tests of Brazilian’s steel, with five different concrete strength 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 MPa, and three diff...

This research aims to produce a compressed Earth block (CEB) product locally from soil collected North Jordan. The CEB mixture was further stabilized using oil shale (OS) and ordinary Portland cement (OPC). specimens were thoroughly characterized by studying their mechanical properties (compressive flexural strength) durability characteristics (erosion, absorption, shrinkage tests). Eight mixtu...

Movement is the enemy of camouflage: most attempts at concealment are disrupted by motion of the target. Faced with this problem, navies in both World Wars in the twentieth century painted their warships with high contrast geometric patterns: so-called "dazzle camouflage". Rather than attempting to hide individual units, it was claimed that this patterning would disrupt the perception of their ...

Many traits in animals reduce the rate of attack from visually hunting predators, including camouflage, warning signals and mimicry. In addition, some animal markings may reduce the likelihood that an attack ends in successful capture. These might include dazzle markings, high-contrast patterns that make the estimation of speed and trajectory difficult. However, until now, no study has experime...