در شهرهایی همچون اصفهان مناره نقش تأثیرگذاری حیطۀ فضای شهری بافت‌های تاریخی دارند؛ این بناها عملکردهای متفاوتی را پوشش می‌داده‌اند و دارای ویژگی‌های معماری، سازه‌ای، تزیینات گوناگون اجزای تشکیل‌دهندۀ خود بودند هستند. باور بنیادین محققان پژوهش حاضر آن است که فرم نهایی مناره‌های شهر به شکل مستقیم از نوع چینش آجرها، توانمندی استادکاران سنتی، پلان، تأثیر می‌پذیرد. با معرفی بررسی نمونه‌هایی موجود اص...

Because sphingosine (Sph) is actively incorporated into platelets and rapidly converted to sphingosine 1-phosphate (Sph-1-P), which is then released extracellularly, it is important to study the effects of Sph and Sph-1-P on endothelial cells from the viewpoint of platelet-endothelial cell interaction. In this study, we found that Sph, as well as ceramide, induces apoptosis in human umbilical v...

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (Sph-1-P) has been implicated as an intracellular second messenger in many studies. We investigated the metabolism of Sph-1-P and the mechanism by which Sph-1-P induces activation in enucleated and highly differentiated platelets. Platelets lack Sph-1-P lyase activity, possess persistently active sphingosine (Sph) kinase, and abundantly store Sph-1-P. Although exogenous ...

Spectrin is the backbone of the erythroid cytoskeleton; sph/sph mice have severe hereditary spherocytosis (HS) because of a mutation in the murine erythroid alpha-spectrin gene. sph/sph mice have a high incidence of thrombosis and infarction in multiple tissues, suggesting significant vascular dysfunction. In the current study, we provide evidence for both pulmonary and systemic vascular dysfun...

Tetramers of alpha- and beta-spectrin heterodimers, linked by intermediary proteins to transmembrane proteins, stabilize the red blood cell cytoskeleton. Deficiencies of either alpha- or beta-spectrin can result in severe hereditary spherocytosis (HS) or hereditary elliptocytosis (HE) in mice and humans. Four mouse mutations, sph, sph(Dem), sph(2BC), and sph(J), affect the erythroid alpha-spect...