مقولات ابزار ذهن ما برای شناخت حقایق اطراف است. بشر اشیای خارجی یا مفاهیم ناظر به آن‌ها را ذیل یکی از قرار داده است و فهم می‌کند. اما میزان صدق بر تمام واقعیات هستی هنوز درستی مشخص نیست. آنچه در آرای برخی فلاسفة مشاء دیده می‌شود‌این که پیرو آن انواعی آنها‌ایجاد می‌شود نقش تعیین کننده تعین نوعی موجودات دارند صرفاً طبقه بندی انسان نیستند. در‌این میان ملاصدرا دیدگاه متفاوتی آراء خود نشان می‌دهد محد...

This paper investigates the link between exporting and importing activities and firm performance using a rich dataset on Egyptian and Moroccan firms. We test the export premium, self-selection and learning-by-exporting hypotheses using a number of firm characteristics. Our analysis also includes importing activities as a source of learning and considers their effects on productivity changes. A ...

The Okada & Samreth (2012, EL) and Asongu (2012, EB; 2013, EEL) debate on ‘the effect of foreign aid on corruption’ has had an important influence in policy and academic circles. This paper provides a unifying framework by using investment and fiscal behavior transmission channels in 53 African countries for the period 1996-2010. Findings unite the two streams of the debate and broadly suggest ...

Major DAC donors are widely criticized for weak targeting of aid, selfish aid motives and insufficient coordination. The emergence of an increasing number of new donors may further complicate the coordination of international aid efforts. On the other hand, new donors (many of which were aid recipients until recently) may have competitive advantages in allocating aid according to need and merit...

Migrant networks are an important catalyst for promoting FDI flows between countries. Migrants also send increasingly large remittances to their home countries. This paper considers how these two capital flows are related, specifically examining how remittance flows respond to the amount of FDI inflows to a country. Using a panel of 118 countries over 1980-2010, we estimate a random effects mod...

Donors who try to impose policy conditionality on countries receiving their aid commonly face con‡icting incentives between using aid to induce income-increasing reforms and using aid to assist low-income countries: this con‡ict can lead to a time-consistency problem. This paper o¤ers a contractual analysis of conditionality, showing how conditionality contracts are a¤ected by con‡icting donor ...

This paper demonstrates why an increased quantity of funding as claimed by big health lenders is not effective to achieve Millennium Development Goal 6, stopping the spread of HIV by 2015. An alternative funding mechanism linking the disbursement of matching grants with a minimum provision level is suggested. In order to study the impact of conditional subsidies on the efficiency of internation...

Using a new dataset for 41 German non-governmental organizations (NGOs), we analyze the allocation of NGO aid across recipient countries in a Tobit regression framework. By identifying for each NGO the degree of public refinancing, we address the largely unresolved issue of whether financial dependence on the government impairs the targeting of NGO aid. It turns out that German NGOs are more ac...

Departing from explanations that involve either altruistic or political motivations of donors, we link a donor’s willingness to give aid to economic incentives and returns. Since targeted aid might increase the returns from trade and FDI linkages for donors, there exists a non-altruistic basis for helping poor countries. We explore this idea by developing a two-country dynamic strategic interac...