More than 50 years ago, standard microbiological methods were developed to determine whether bacterial cells were dead or alive. This is an important question because the answer is the basis of decisions such as safety of food and drinking water, sterility of pharmaceuticals, recurrence of infectivity and spoilage of treated industrial products. The viability of a bacterial cell was traditional...

Cold-stressed populations of the estuarine bacterium Vibrio vulnificus constitute model systems for the “viable but nonculturable” (VBNC) state, and are comprised of nonrecoverable, injured, and fully culturable cells. The nonculturable cells display increased sonication resistance, but also substantial degradation of nucleic acids, raising the possibility that these “VBNC” cells are, in spite ...

In our previous work, we demonstrated that viable but nonculturable (VBNC) Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 were converted to culturable by coculture with eukaryotic cells. Furthermore, we isolated a factor converting VBNC V. cholerae to culturable (FCVC) from a eukaryotic cell line, HT-29. In this study, we purified FCVC by successive column chromatographies comprising UNO Q-6 anion exchange, Bio-S...

The culturability of 10 strains of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli was studied after the bacteria were exposed to acid conditions for various periods of time. Campylobacter cells could not survive 2 h under acid conditions (formic acid at pH 4). The 10 Campylobacter strains could not be recovered, even when enrichment media were used. Viable cells, however, could be detected by a do...

Studies have shown that various objects, such as utensils, toys, and clothes, can serve as vehicles for transmission of Shigella spp. Shigellae can become viable but non-culturable (VBNC) when exposed to various environmental conditions as shown in earlier studies. The present study was carried out to detect VBNC Shigella dysenteriae type 1 on various fomites by direct viable counting, polymera...

In this editorial, the importance of VBNC in clinical practice and future researches interests has been pinpointed. Accurate detection of VBNC, especially for major mentioned pathogens, is the future research gap. 

The green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene, gfp, of the jellyfish Aequorea victoria is being used as a reporter system for gene expression and as a marker for tracking prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Cells that have been genetically altered with the gfp gene produce a protein that fluoresces when it is excited by UV light. This unique phenotype allows gfp-tagged cells to be specifically monitored by ...

For the conventional vineyard, reducing pesticide usage is most important issue for converting to organic vineyard. In order study effect of on grape yeast, an investigation were designed in vintage 2020, ten vineyards (include two vineyards) with different treatment frequency index (TFI) chosen, and yeast population counted by method: cultivate method direct epifluorescence technique (DEFT). T...

Salmonella typhi is a pathogen that causes the human disease of typhoid fever. The aim of this study was to investigate the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state of S. typhi. Some samples were stimulated at 4°C or -20°C, while others were induced by different concentrations of CuSO4. Total cell counts remained constant throughout several days by acridine orange direct counting; however, plate c...