Throughout the world, there has been a move to "harmonize" exposure limits to radio-frequency (RF) energy from sources such as mobile phones, communications transmitters, radar, industrial equipment, and the like. "Harmonization", in practice, means the adoption of a consistent set of exposure limits in different nations around the world. Precautions taken in Italy are discussed, as are the Vat...

Biological and health effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF) have been investigated for many years. Exposure standards have been developed internationally, that provide adequate protection against all known adverse effects of exposure to EMF. The guidelines developed by the International Commission on Non Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) are widely recognized and have formed the basis fo...

Mobile phones continue to develop with more user features being implemented as new technology is released commercially. The boundaries will blur between internet, broadcast and mobile telecommunications. Significantly more radio base stations will be needed as communications technology nears the physical limits in spectrum efficiency and to support increasing data-rates. The impact of transmitt...

Kekhawatiran masyarakat mengenai dampak negatif yang ditimbulkan dari paparan radiasi elektromagnetik ini masih terus diteliti hingga saat ini. Oleh karena itu, sangat perlu dilakukan suatu studi penelitian untuk mengukur dan memetakan tingkat dengan tujuan menganalisis potensi risiko terjadi. Paparan diukur menggunakan electromagnetic field tester, kemudian hasilnya dibandingkan pedoman kesela...

Transient current density J(t) induced in the body of a person exposed to a single magnetic pulse of arbitrary shape or to a magnetic jump is filtered by a convolution integral containing in its kernel the frequency and phase dependence of the basic limit value adopted in a way similar to that used for reference values in the International Commission on Non-lonising Radiation Protection stateme...

An international seminar on health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) in the frequency range from 300 Hz to 10 MHz (referred to as the Intermediate Frequency (IF) range) was held in Maastricht, Netherlands, on 7-8 June 1999. The seminar, organized under the International EMF Project, was sponsored jointly by the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Commission on N...

The purpose of the work is to evaluate the EMF levels in the surroundings of particular induction heating installations used for melting metals and some methods for mitigating them. The data from measurements in a metal foundry will be presented and discussed with reference to the limits for occupational environment. In some cases the measured levels overcome the ICNIRP limits. For these cases ...

The spectrum and the polarization of the magnetic flux density (B-field) of 6 induction heaters and 1 arc oven were measured by means of a PMM (Italy) spectrum analyser. The spectrum analysis showed that no substantial harmonics were observed while the polarization analysis revealed that the operator's exposure was non-homogeneous within a distance of 1.5 m from the heater. When the distance wa...

In this paper, procedures to determine compliance of low-frequency pulsed exposures are investigated. Current methods specified by international standards or guidelines (e.g., from the ICNIRP or IEEE) are recognized to be conservative in order to account for uncertainties coming from the assessment procedures. In this way, protection of workers and the general public should be guaranteed. Howev...

Electromagnetic exposure (occupational and general public) to 14 types of air traffic control (ATC) systems is assessed. Measurement methods are proposed for in situ exposure assessment of these ATC systems. In total, 50 sites are investigated at 1,073 locations in the frequency range of 255 kHz to 24 GHz. For all installations, typical and maximal exposure values for workers and the general pu...