However, the practical use of the OSI protocols for distributed applications is complicated today by the numerous design choices left to an application developer by the OSI upper-layer standards. Development tools for OSI upper layers existing today do not address this issue. Thus, the developer of a distributed application has to be an expert on the OSI upper layer standard documents to be abl...

In this chapter we give the motivation and basic concepts of the OSI reference model, discuss its seven-layer architecture, the communication between systems using the OSI model, and finally the relationship between the OSI model and multilayer switching.

Agents targeting insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) are being actively examined in clinical trials. Although there has been some initial success of single-agent targeting IGF-1R, attempts in later studies failed because of resistance. This study aimed to understand the effects of programmed cell death 4 (Pdcd4) on the chemosensitivity of the IGF-1R inhibitor OSI-906 in colorectal ca...

The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mTOR pathway is frequently activated in human cancers, and mTOR is a clinically validated target. mTOR forms two distinct multiprotein complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, which regulate cell growth, metabolism, proliferation, and survival. Rapamycin and its analogues partially inhibit mTOR through allosteric binding to mTORC1, but not mTORC2, and have shown cl...

PURPOSE To study the role of drug transporters in central nervous system (CNS) penetration and cellular accumulation of erlotinib and its metabolite, OSI-420. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN After oral erlotinib administration to wild-type and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter-knockout mice (Mdr1a/b(-/-), Abcg2(-/-), Mdr1a/b(-/-)Abcg2(-/-), and Abcc4(-/-)), plasma was collected and brain extracellul...