competition [37] is suggested to study the principles of competition in their most generic form [8–10]. Consider a complex competitive system, which has a large number of autonomous elements engaged in competition with each other. The evolution of a competitive system involves a process of determining a winner and a loser for competition between any two elements of the system. The non-conservat...

A 15-year-old girl was investigated because of ambiguous genitalia. Her chromosome studies showed a 45, X/45, Xdic(Yq) mosaicism. The identity of the dicentric Y chromosome was demonstrated by its typical fluorescent banding patterns. Histological evidence of mixed gonadal dysgenesis with intragonadal tumour was observed, confirming the occurrence of gonadoblastoma associated with mosaicism in ...

Although the presence of a Y specific growth gene(s) (Y growth gene(s) on Yq has widely been accepted, it remains unknown how this gene promotes stature. In this report, we discuss the growth pattern in normal boys and girls and in patients with growth disorders informative for the Y growth gene(s). The results suggest that the Y growth gene(s) augments statural growth by controlling the sex st...

Carbohydrate Taste Sensitivity Is Associated with Starch Intake and Waist Circumference in Adults Julia YQ Low, Kathleen E Lacy, Robert L McBride, and Russell SJ Keast 2235 Long-Term Intake of a High-Protein Diet Affects Body Phenotype, Metabolism, and Plasma Hormones in Mice John P Vu, Leon Luong, William F Parsons, Suwan Oh, Daniel Sanford, Arielle Gabalski, John RB Lighton, Joseph R Pisegna,...

Planar functions over finite fields give rise to finite projective planes and other combinatorial objects. They were originally defined only in odd characteristic, but recently Zhou introduced a definition in even characteristic which yields similar applications. In this paper we show that certain functions over F2r are planar, which proves a conjecture of Schmidt and Zhou. The key to our proof...

The Diophantine equation x n−1 x−1 = yq has four known solutions in integers x, y, q and n with |x |, |y|, q > 1 and n > 2. Whilst we expect that there are, in fact, no more solutions, such a result is well beyond current technology. In this paper, we prove that if (x, y, n, q) is a solution to this equation, then n has three or fewer prime divisors, counted with multiplicity. This improves a r...

A merging of two ordered lists x 1 ..... Xp and Yl,-. ,Yq is said to be constrained if it must satisfy prescribed conditions of the form "x i precedes yj" and "y, precedes xs". An algorithm is given for calculating the number of mergings which satisfy any given set of constraints. The algorithm has time complexity O(pq) but in many cases runs significantly faster. It is illustrated with example...

Planar functions over finite fields give rise to finite projective planes and other combinatorial objects. They were originally defined only in odd characteristic, but recently Zhou introduced a definition in even characteristic which yields similar applications. In this paper we show that certain functions over F2r are planar, which proves a conjecture of Schmidt and Zhou. The key to our proof...

We solve the equation xa + xb + 1= yq in positive integers x, y, a, b and q with a > b and q > 2 coprime to φ(x). This requires a combination of a variety of techniques from effective Diophantine approximation, including lower bounds for linear forms in complex and p-adic logarithms, the hypergeometric method of Thue and Siegel applied p-adically, local methods, and the algorithmic resolution o...