The reliability of a software system is to a high degree determined by the reliability of the software components comprising the system [KriMat97]. For a software component to be reliable it must be able recover various exceptions or failures that may arise at run-time, i.e. it must be fault tolerant. Code for exception detection, handling, and signalling often amounts to a substantial portion ...

No physician who performs a legitimate medical operation on patient commits criminal offence or delict. This is so in spite of the fact that infringement bodily integrity another person seen as both crime and civil wrong. Notwithstanding may desire operation, defence consent cannot possibly justify serious injuries intentionally inflicted course of, say, an amputation, since this procedure high...

This article explores exceptions to planning ‘rules’ as a specific form of discretion exercised by planners and decision makers. Theoretical conceptual ideas on rules rules, drawing principally administrative political making, are used examine the role exceptional circumstances in planning. analysis addresses interdependency between ‘rules’, which makers invited consider or circumstances, disti...