Major investments in infrastructure rehabilitation have been undertaken by govemments, development banks and donors in developing countries in recent decades. In Sub-Saharan Africa road deterioration is perceived to be one ofthe main causes for the limited supply response after price liberalization in agricultural markets. Studies of the quantitative effects on marketing margins are rare. This ...

Fisherman are a group of people who highly dependent on the fisheries resources in their efforts to fulfill basic needs and be prosper. The outbreak Covid-19 not only threatens people’s lives safety, but also has significant impact economic development both which macro micro weakened. This research aims determine impacts Pandemic Fishing activities, incomes, marketing activities purse seiner. w...

The marketing concept maintains that the starting point for good marketing, whether it be for a service or a product, is to understand the situation from the perspective of the customer. To appreciate the customer’s view of your business and your market offering, you need to appreciate several factors. First, many of your customers or potential customers view anything offered by a business with...

The issue of power in distribution channels remains a topic of interest among both practitioners and researchers of marketing. This interest has, no doubt, been fueled by the growing power of retailers and the emergence of retail powerhouses such as Walmart. Power, in a distribution channels context, is often de…ned as the ability to appropriate a larger share of the total channel surplus. In a...

The final quarter of the twentieth century has seen the arrival of the claim for educational malpractice, or educational negligence, by students who have failed to learn. Generally speaking, the claim has been that the professional behaviour of teachers, or educational psychologists and/or other providers of educational services has breached the duty of care to educate, with the consequence tha...

This online Appendix has two parts. One contains extensions of the model in the main text. First, we introduce stochastic demand shocks to allow “bad outcomes” to arise despite the actions of distributors. Second, we consider that distributors and producers return to the pool of inactive agents after their partnerships are terminated. The other part of the Appendix has supplementary empirical r...

in the islamic legal system, sale contract is regarded as among appropriative (tamlīkī) contracts, without any difference existing between the designation of the object of sale and its being wholesale (kullī). thus, there has been a considerable controversy among the jurists on the time for designation of mabī‘ (object of sale) with the presumption that mabī‘ is wholesale, which would bring abo...

In this paper, a discount model is proposed to coordinate pricing and ordering decisions in a two-echelon supply chain (SC). Demand is stochastic and price sensitive while lead times are fixed. Decentralized decision making where downstream decides on selling price and order size is investigated. Then, joint pricing and ordering decisions are extracted where both members act as a single entity ...