A guide to learning about livelihood impacts of REDD+ projects. Any views expressed in this paper are those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of CIFOR, the authors' institutions or the financial sponsors of this paper. iii Contents Acknowledgements vi Executive summary vii Preface xi 1 The case for learning from REDD+ 1 1.1 Why do we need to learn from REDD+ projects? ...

Expanding competition in all aspects of telecommunications supply makes it increasingly difficult to maintain cross-subsidies in the supply of local telecommunications services. A large cross-subsidy flows from long-distance telephone service to local exchange service. Approximately 45 cents of every dollar spent on a long-distance call is paid to the local exchange providers at both ends of th...

To address rising energy use and CO2 emissions, China’s leadership has enacted energy and CO2 intensity targets under the Twelfth Five-Year Plan (2011–2015), which are defined at both the national and provincial levels. We develop a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model with global coverage that disaggregates China’s 30 provinces and includes energy system detail, and apply it to assess th...

Economic evaluations are a form of applied welfare economics and aim to inform policy makers about the impacts on social welfare of particular policies. It is clear that in light of this aim, economic evaluations need to include all relevant societal costs and benefits related to a policy. Only then, a full welfare economic trade-off between costs and benefits can be made to facilitate welfare ...

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are a popular conservation strategy, but their impacts on human welfare are poorly understood. To inform future research and policy decisions, we reviewed the scientific literature to assess MPA impacts on five indicators of human welfare: food security, resource rights, employment, community organization, and income. Following MPA establishment, food security gene...

This paper presents an empirical methodology for the evaluation of the beneÞts and costs of land use planning. The technique is applied in the context of the Town and Country Planning System of the UK, and examines the gross and net beneÞts of land use regulation and their distribution across income groups. The results show that the welfare and distributional impacts can be large. Proposed Runn...

 Farmers will have to increase production levels to provide food for a growing population, while meeting the current and future welfare and environmental targets and legislation.  There has been a steady decline in the number of farms, farmers and livestock in the UK, with an increase in the average farm size.  Proposed UK super farms are smaller in scale compared to some of the world’s larg...