background: to seek pleasure is man’s innate nature. in his search for gratification, man has discovered a world of substances that intoxicated him. those who fell within its trap, their life changed, their families aggrieved and they shrank from company. the addiction remained alone in the end. to many death was a relief. methods: a community based cross-sectional study was conducted in the ca...

Nepal has a long history of irrigation, including government and farmer-managed irrigation systems that are labor- skill-intensive. Widespread male migration important effects on Nepalese society. How institutions such as Water Users’ Associations (WUAs) respond adapt, is therefore critical to the understanding rural transformation likely impact gender equality, food production, livelihoods. Th...

In the last few decades, scope of governanceauthr solutions for environmental problems has increased substantially. The old trichotomy governance by government, markets, and communities been replaced a new interest in hybrid recognition that no single-governance mode possesses capabilities to address multiple facets, interdependencies, scales current problems. This paper takes stock on experien...

abstract the objective of the present study is to assess the performance of 18 irrigation districts from ten countries in the world using the benchmarking method and data mining analysis (cluster analysis). irrigation networks of dez, sefidrood, tajan and voshmgir from iran have been compared with 14 irrigation districts from nine other countries. the k- means algorithm was used to analyze the ...

In developing countries, safe piped drinking water is generally unavailable, and bottled water is unaffordable for most people. Purchasing drinking water from community-scale decentralized water treatment and refill kiosks (referred to as isi ulang depots in Indonesia) is becoming a common alternative. This study investigates the association between diarrhea risk and community-scale water treat...

An appropriate environmental flow (AEF) is one of the necessary conditions for fish spawning. The operation cascade reservoirs in lower reaches Jinsha River has changed discharge process downstream, which turn directly affected spawning habitat fishes. Determining how to quantitatively evaluate impact different outflows from Xiangjiaba Reservoir on four major Chinese carp species downstream are...

abstract among different water usage in iran, agricultural sector with 94 percent is the largest water user. considering the share of agriculture in water usage, farmers are the main factor in water resources management. therefore, optimal utilization of irrigation and drainage networks would depend on farmers’ effective role. due to the limited water resources in different country regions, inc...

Construction and protection of ecological networks (ENs) is considered to be an effective means curb habitat fragmentation strengthen landscape connectivity. In this study, a complete evaluation framework ENs based on “quality–function–structure” was proposed support the formulation strategies for ENs. First, we built Wuhan urban agglomeration (WUA) from 2000 2020 advantages circuit theory remo...

Abstract With proper management, the modernization of irrigation systems makes it possible to improve efficiency application and use water at cost an increase in pumping needs and, therefore, increment energy consumed. The recent drastic price for put viability many farms risk. In this context, using photovoltaic solar power stations has become increasingly attractive alternative a cheap reliab...