Waste water treatment facilities clean sewage water from households and industry in several cleaning steps. Such facilities are dimensioned to accommodate a maximum intake. However, in the case of very bad weather conditions or failures of system components the system might not suffice to accommodate all waste water. This paper models a real waste water treatment facility, situated in the city ...

From the abstraction point and the entrance of water in a Water System (WS) till its discharge back to the environment, water passes through a number of treatments and uses that directly affect its quality. The water quality changes several times while the water returning to the environment at a discharge point into the sea, a lake or a river has poorer quality compared to the water entering th...

temperature restrictions on aqueous effluents dictate that streams with a temperature higher than the permitted level needed to pass through cooling systems to reduce the effluent temperature before discharge. in this study, by considering the grouping design rules based on pinch technology, an optimum design for a distributed effluent cooling system, has been developed. a counter-flow wet cool...

This article reviews the regulation of lead in drinking water, highlighting its epidemiological, engineering, and ethical aspects with a focus on the Flint water crisis. We first discuss water quality policy and its implementation with a focus on lead contamination of water, primarily from pipe systems between a water treatment facility and a tap. We then discuss physicians' roles and ethical r...

Digital twins of cyber-physical systems with automated process control using programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are increasingly popular nowadays. At the same time, security is also a growing concern system connectivity. This study develops combined anomaly detection framework (CADF) against various types attacks on digital twin in water treatment facilities. CADF utilizes PLC-based whitelis...

This study developed a vulnerability evaluation framework for earthquake and flood disasters targeting water treatment facilities. The of facility determines factors such as exposure, sensitivity, adaptive capacity in consideration the characteristics an environmental facility. At this time, items are derived topography, natural environment, hydraulic, structural, non-structural by analyzing co...

to compare the seed characteristics in accessions of atriplex canescens under exclosure and non-exclosure conditions, two even-aged sites were selected with an area of 400 ha as the exclosure and 1000 ha as non-exclosure area. to conduct the study, 30 species were randomly selected in autumn 2009 in reference area of the sites and seeds were collected. some important seed characteristics were s...

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