Water immersion is a common practice for treating paper media. However, this treatment could irreversibly damage and the information written on it – such procedures are advised if documents do not contain water-resistant components as inks or paints form mechanically stable. Thus, polymeric materials an attractive alternative to water cleaning. Various polymers used produce hydrogels, but there...

this paper will introduce a new method to obtain the order weightsof the ordered weighted averaging (owa) operator. we will first show therelation between fuzzy quantifiers and neat owa operators and then offer anew combination of them. fuzzy quantifiers are applied for soft computingin modeling the optimism degree of the decision maker. in using neat operators,the ordering of the inputs is not...

With the widespread realisation of the significance of climate change, urban communities are increasingly seeking to ensure resilience to future uncertainties in urban water supplies, yet change seems slow with many cities facing ongoing investment in the conventional approach. This is because transforming cities to more sustainable urban water cities, or to Water Sensitive Cities, requires a m...

water conveyance systems (wcss) are costly infrastructures in terms of materials, construction, maintenance and energy requirements. much attention has been given to the application of optimization methods to minimize the costs associated with such infrastructures. historically, traditional optimization techniques have been used, such as linear and non-linear programming. in this paper, applica...

Existence of heavy minerals in waters in some regions causes serious environmental pollution and affects the soil and water resources quality. Soil and waters sensitive to pollutants were investigated in this research, based on the degree of sensitivity of their parameters. The samples obtained from industrial and agricultural areas for identifying water tables at higher risk and display region...

Global increases in consumption of chemical nutrients, application of pesticides, and water withdrawal to enhance agricultural yield have resulted in degraded water quality and reduced water availability. Efforts to safeguard or improve environmental conditions of agroecosystems have usually focused on managing on-farm activities to reduce materials loss and conserve habitat. Another management...