the main goal of this study was to investigate the way of affecting of water in production of cucumber. from aspect of econometrics, mutual relationships of production function and expenses have been analyzed in which translog cost function has been used. this function has been estimated using the conditional input demand functions, the shefard theorem, chemical fertilizer, animal fertilizer, l...

abstract water pricing is a policy instrument for improving water efficiency, reducing water demand, management of the irrigation systems and recovering costs. the underlying principle of water pricing is that it should reflect the opportunity cost of water. in this study, parametric mathematical programming approache were used to estimate the willingness of farmers to pay for groundwater under...

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Water shortage crisis is an issue that has led to drastic changes in different agricultural policies, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. Uncertainty in the amount of resources, e.g. water, used for agricultural production entails risk for farmers' income and cropping pattern changes. In the present study, the robust optimization model was used for optimal allocation of arable lands of Khor...

Six hens pecked a key (Experiment 1) or pushed a door (Experiment 2) to obtain food reinforcement. In both experiments and as an analogue of price changes, the response requirements were varied in two ways: by increasing the number of responses required and by increasing the required force of each response. The two price manipulations (response number and response force) had different effects o...

Water vendors, selling water door-to-door from donkey carts, are an important source of domestic supply in low-income urban areas in Sudan, as in other developing countries. A study of the demand for this service showed that it was of negligible elasticity, with no evidence of direct control of the price by a monopoly or cartel. It follows that the price of water paid by the poor could be great...

An econometric analysis of Hong Kong’s monthly per capita water usage for the 25-year period of April 1985 through March 2010 reveals that per capita usage is insensitive to price but dependent upon past usage, per capita income, weather, and seasonal factors, with rising income countering what would otherwise be a downward trend. Given Hong Kong’s current inflationary environment and large gov...

The case study conducted in this paper looks at residential water pricing from three different points of view. It first describes existing urban water-pricing practices in Southern France, emphasizing that pricing is not yet being used as a tool for providing economic incentives to save water. It then looks at the observed impact of pricing on water consumption, through an econometric analysis ...

[1] Farmers make joint water and land use decisions for economic purposes based in part on water availability and reliability. A two-stage economic production model is developed to examine the effects of hydrologic uncertainty and water prices on agricultural production, cropping patterns, and water and irrigation technology use. The model maximizes net expected farm profit from permanent and a...

this paper develops positive mathematical programming (pmp) model to determine the optimum cropping pattern and water demand function in six regions of lower part lands of shirindarre dam in north khorasan province of iran and then estimates the expected pay for water in each region. the quantity of water supplied from such different water resources as dams, wells, and rivers in different scena...