Insect repellent DEET and sunscreen ingredient oxybenzone play an essential role in minimizing vector-borne diseases and skin cancers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of emulsion type, addition of thickening agent and droplet size in three emulsion-based lotions on percutaneous permeation of DEET and oxybenzone using in vitro diffusion experiments, in order to minimize ...

We have investigated emulsions stabilised solely by partially-hydrophobised fumed silica particles which consist of a mixture of primary particles and irregularly-shaped fused aggregates and larger agglomerates. The particle wettability is controlled by varying the extent of hydrophobisation of their surfaces. This, in turn, controls the contact angle between the oil-water interface and the par...

Water-in-oil mixtures were grouped into four states or classes: stable, mesostable, unstable, and entrained water. Of these, only stable and mesostable states can be characterized as emulsions. These states were established according to lifetime, visual appearance, complex modulus, and differences in viscosity. Water content at formation was not an important factor. Water-in-oil emulsions made ...

A series of alkyl chain modified graphene oxides (AmGO) with different alkyl chain length and content was fabricated using a reducing reaction between graphene oxide (GO) and alkyl amine. Then AmGO was used as a graphene-based particle emulsifier to stabilize Pickering emulsion. Compared with the emulsion stabilized by GO, which was oil-in-water type, all the emulsions stabilized by AmGO were w...

Emulsified water is generally present in crude oil as a result of mixing occurring during production operations. The formation of emulsion leads to problems in production and also transportation. Therefore the need to break oil/water emulsions system through demulsification process using chemical surfactants for improved oil recovery operations. Selected cationic surfactants were effective in s...

Processing convenience and paper-sizing flexibility frequently require the delivery of alkenylsuccinic anhydride oil as emulsion. The shelf life of the oil is achieved kinetically, in most cases via the addition of surfactants such as cationic starch or a synthetic polymer, which are the subject of increasing scrutiny with regard to their environmental impact. The modification of montmorillonit...

1. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Penang, Malaysia. TEL: +60164849551; Email: muthana_albuldawy(at)yahoo.com 2. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. 3. Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Abstract Palm oil esters are high molecula...

Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) were incorporated in water-in-oil (W/O) microemulsions and emulsions, as well as water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) multiple emulsions using soybean oil. The addition of CNF to the aqueous phase expanded the composition range to obtain W/O/W emulsions. CNF also increased the viscosity of the continuous phase and reduced the drop size both of which increased the stability ...

Emulsions are a class of disperse systems consisting of two immiscible liquids [1–3]. The liquid droplets (the disperse phase) are dispersed in a liquid medium (the continuous phase). Several classes may be distinguished: oil-in-water (O/W), water-in-oil (W/O), and oil-in-oil (O/O). The latter class may be exemplified by an emulsion consisting of a polar oil (e.g., propylene glycol) dispersed i...

We investigated the self-assembly of cyclodextrin (CD) molecules at the tetradecane–aqueous solution interface through formation of inclusion complexes (ICs). We studied the surface activity of CDs at both the air–water and the oil–water interface. Although a-CD and b-CD are not surface active at the air–water interface, they form pseudo-surfactants as inclusion complexes with linear oil molecu...