BACKGROUND Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) enhance human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 susceptibility, but few studies have examined the reciprocal effect of HIV-1 on STD acquisition. METHODS Data from a prospective cohort study conducted among female sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya between 1993 and 2003 were used to determine the effect of HIV-1 infection on STD susceptibility. The cohor...

Congenitally immunodeficient beige, athymic, and beige athymic mice whose orogastric mucosal tissues were chronically colonized and infected with a pure culture of Candida albicans were found to be resistant to naturally occurring vulvovaginal candidiasis.

OBJECTIVE Although recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis is defined as 4 or more discrete attacks of vulvovaginal candidiasis per year, there is no diagnostic nomenclature or definition for the many women who are chronically symptomatic. This study aims to establish and propose a definition and a set of diagnostic criteria, which would enable clinicians to promptly identify and treat women with ch...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Vulvovaginal candidiasis is a frequent disease affecting approximately more than %75 of all childbearing women at least once in their lifetime by overgrowth of opportunistic Candida species. Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) is common in otherwise healthy individuals. Several risk factors were reported to contribute to RVVC susceptibility. A polymorphism in Dectin...

ulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is probably the most common form of vaginal infection, although bacterial vaginosis is believed to be more frequent. 1,z Even though Candida assumes a role as a pathogen, it is an opportunistic organism causing systemic infections usually in patients who are immunosuppressed or critically ill on multiple antibiotics. However, several studies have demonstrated that ...

33 Key points • Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) covers a disease spectrum, from a single episode to chronic disease with unremitting symptoms. • The concept of chronic VVC was recently described; it is a common cause of chronic nonerosive vulvo vaginitis in women present ing at vulval disease clinics. • Evidence suggests chronic VVC is a hyper sensitivity response to commensal Candida spp. • In ...

See page 2131 for definitions of strength-ofrecommendation labels. V aginitis is among the most common conditions for which women seek medical care, with vaginal discharge accounting for approximately 10 million office visits each year.1 Although vaginitis can have a variety of causes (Table 1), it most often is associated with infection or atrophic changes. Common infectious forms of vaginitis...

Candida africana, an emerging yeast pathogen, is closely related to Candida albicans and most commonly involved in vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). However, its prevalence in candidal balanoposthitis is still unclear. In this study, the prevalence of C. africana in both candidal balanoposthitis and VVC in a sexually transmitted diseases (STD) clinic in Shanghai, China, was analyzed, and the mole...

To better understand the molecular events underlying vulvovaginal candidiasis, we established an in vitro system. Immortalized vaginal epithelial cells were infected with live, yeast form C. albicans and C. albicans cultured in the same medium without vaginal epithelial cells were used as control. In both cases a yeast to hyphae transition was robustly induced. Whole transcriptome sequencing wa...