in this paper, based on error correction model by using panel data, an empirical analysis of demand for international reserves for 16 islamic countries is investigated. besides addressing conventional issues, the model explicitly incorporates the impact of expected export revenues and the impact of the exchange rate system on reserve demand. the results reveal that, short run money market diseq...

Bitcoin is a rising digital currency and exemplifies the growing need for systematically gathering and analyzing public transaction data sets such as the blockchain. However, the blockchain in its raw form is just a large ledger listing transfers of currency units between alphanumeric character strings, without revealing contextually relevant real-world information. In this demo, we present Gra...

One of the most important policies concerning the adjustment of foreign trade is to allocate foreign currency by establishing an exchange control system. The mechanism of this would be so that the Central Bank operates or supervises all transactions concerning foreign exchange. However, the controlling system, like all other international systems of payment, operates with some adjustments and i...

The objective of this paper is two-fold. On one hand, it seeks to measure the direct effect cross-border trade on dynamism economies countries such as Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire, Morocco and Nigeria from 1971 2020. other aims verify possibility establishing a link between volume trade, dynamics certain variables (currency, population, income) growth. results show that states in same zone (E...

This paper surveys the persian monetary crises due to economic sanctions and speculative attacks that leads to high inflation. Economic sanctions are associated with various forms of trade barriers and restriction on financial transactions. Among the most influential sanctions on Iran's oil export and central bank sanctions are noted that their Aims to reduce Iran's oil revenues and Devaluation...

the narratives permitting common reading of quran, despite differences in the readings of imams and those of common ones, allow people to read as common reading. some persons regard seven readings as the proof of their permissibility. others, based on periods, have considered them as permissible only in the imams era. and some jurists have regarded only hafs’ narrative as the proof of these tra...

since the breakdown of the bretton woods system, exchange arrangements of countries have become flexible. several attempts have been made to determine whether the theories of optimum currency areas adequately explain the choice of an exchange rate system. in this paper, the optimum currency area is retested. using cross-section data, a regression analysis of the choice of an exchange rate syste...