23 Amylin enhances arcuate (ARC) and ventromedial (VMN) hypothalamic nuclei leptin signaling 24 and synergistically reduces food intake and body weight in selectively bred diet-induced obese 25 (DIO) rats. Since DIO I-amylin dorsomedial nucleus (DMN)-dorsomedial VMN (VMNdm) 26 binding was reduced, we postulated that this contributed to DIO VMH leptin resistance and that 27 impairing ventromedia...

The display of copulatory behaviors usually requires the presence of a mate and is, therefore, preceded by a search for and approach to a potential partner. The intensity of approach behaviors is determined by a process labeled sexual incentive motivation. Although it is known that female sexual motivation depends on estrogens, their site of action within the brain is unknown. In the present ex...

Estrogenic effects have been implicated in sexual differentiation of brain and behavior, in part by affecting neuronal activity in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN). We report here a remarkable sex difference in estrogenic regulation of neuronal activity in male vs. female neural networks. Spontaneous synaptic currents originating from a population of neurons were recorded in p...

Glucokinase (Gck) is a critical regulator of glucose-induced insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells. It has been suggested to also play an important role in glucose signaling in neurons of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN), a brain nucleus involved in the control of glucose homeostasis and feeding. To test the role of Gck in VMN glucose sensing and physiological regulation, we studie...

Well before Dr. Minkowski discovered the role of the pancreas in regulating blood glucose (1889), Dr. Bernard had discovered the role of the brain (specifically the base of the fourth ventricle) in regulating blood glucose (1849). Bernard’s basic observation has been replicated by many interventions involving pharmacological manipulations directed toward the brain stem (1). Nevertheless, the ov...

Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) have become significant drugs of abuse in recent years with the highest increase reported in adolescent girls. In spite of the increased use of AAS, the CNS effects of these steroids are poorly understood. We report that in prepubertal female rats, three commonly abused AAS, 17alpha-methyltestosterone, stanozolol, and nandrolone, induced rapid and reversible m...

With the development of Internet Vehicles (IoV) technology, car is no longer a closed individual. It exchanges information with an external network, communicating through vehicle-mounted network (VMN), which, inevitably, gives rise to security problems. Attackers can intrude on VMN, using wireless or interface devices. To prevent such attacks, various intrusion-detection methods have been propo...

Oestradiol and progesterone act in the brain to elicit profound effects on behaviour and physiology. One physiological function of oestradiol is the induction of progesterone receptor (PR) expression in a variety of behaviourally relevant brain regions, including the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN), the medial preoptic nucleus of the preoptic area (MPOA), the arcuate nucleus (ARC...

The spinal and peripheral innervation of the clitoris and vagina are fairly well understood. However, little is known regarding supraspinal control of these pelvic structures. The multisynaptic tracer pseudorabies virus (PRV) was used to map the brain neurons that innervate the clitoris and vagina. To delineate forebrain input on PRV-labeled cells, the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran am...