BACKGROUND Co-infection of leishmaniasis and HIV is increasingly reported. The clinical presentation of leishmaniasis is determined by the host immune response to the parasite; as a consequence, this presentation will be influenced by HIV-induced immunosuppression. As leishmaniasis commonly affects the skin, increasing immunosuppression changes the clinical presentation, such as in post-kala-az...

Phlebotomus argentipes Annandale and Brunetti (Diptera : Psychodidae) is the major Indian vector of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by Leishmania donovani. However, whilst the geographic range of P. argentipes extends from Iran and Afghanistan in the west to Malaysia and Indonesia in the southeast1, VL is confined to northeastern and southern India, and neighbouring Nepal and Bangladesh2,3....

To identify factors associated with incidence of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), we surveyed 13,416 households in Bihar State, India. VL was associated with socioeconomic status, type of housing, and belonging to the Musahar caste. Annual coverage of indoor residual insecticide spraying was 12%. Increasing such spraying can greatly contribute to VL control.

Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a known complication of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by L. donovani. It is rare in VL caused by L. infantum and L. chagasi. In Sudan, it occurs with a frequency of 58% among successfully treated VL patients. In the majority of cases, PKDL can be diagnosed on the basis of clinical appearance, distribution of the lesions, and past history of tre...

Diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) coinfection is challenging. Specific diagnosis of VL in HIV-coinfected patients was evaluated by molecular methods in desquamated buccal swab samples, demonstrating 86.3% sensitivity and 98.3% specificity in controls. This test holds significant potential for development as a noninvasive diagnostic tool f...

Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by different species of the protozoan genus Leishmania that infect animals as well as humans. It is transmitted by the bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflies. There are three forms of leishmaniasis: cutaneus, mucocutaneus and visceral. Leishmania Donovani is the responsible for the visceral form and it causes fever, general discomfort and sple...

Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL), a systemic infection of the reticuloendotherlial system, is caused by a parasitic infection. The co-occurrence of VL and hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) has been previously reported in several studies. In this report we present two cases of HPS and VL among members of the same family.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an important zoonosis caused by Leishmania infantum, which has in the domestic dog its principal vertebrate host in urban environments. VL is usually transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies, however atypical routes of transmission have been described. In this review we discuss the role of sexual and vertical transmissions, and their implications in the maintenance ...

Between 1989 and 1993, investigations by classical parasitological procedures of 139 HIV-infected adults living in visceral leishmaniasis (VL) endemic areas showed that 10 of them (7.2%) were positive for Leishmania (by stained smears and culture). In the same period we identified 15 VL cases in patients not infected with HIV. Thus, 40% (10/25) of our VL cases were associated with HIV infection.

KEY CLINICAL MESSAGE Successful management of cases with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and tuberculosis is a challenge for clinicians, because a guideline for that is currently unavailable. We report the first case in Bangladesh who developed VL during her treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis and was treated successfully with multidose liposomal amhptericin B for VL.