This study aimed to investigate the distribution of virulence factor genes in Shigella strains isolated from children with diarrhea southwest, Iran. In this cross-sectional study, 1530 diarrheal stool specimens were collected aged under 15 years. The identified by biochemical methods and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Subsequently, all isolates evaluated PCR for presence nine ipaH (responsibl...

The transcription of the virulence plasmid (pINV)-carried invasion genes of Shigella flexneri and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) is induced at 37 degreesC and repressed at 30 degreesC. In this work, we report that the O135: K-:H- EIEC strain HN280 and S. flexneri SFZM53, M90T, and 454, of serotypes 4, 5, and 2a, respectively, produce apyrase (ATP-diphosphohydrolase), the product of the ...

Tonsils of 829 fattening pigs originating from Belgium (n = 201), Italy (n = 428), and Spain (n = 200) were collected between 2005 and 2007 to study the prevalence of enteropathogenic Yersinia in slaughter pigs. Isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis was done by selective enrichment and by cold enrichment for 7 and 14 days. Pathogenic Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseud...

UNLABELLED The interferon (IFN) response is the earliest host immune response dedicated to combating viral infection. As such, viruses have evolved strategies to subvert this potent antiviral response. Two closely related gammaherpesviruses, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and rhesus macaque rhadinovirus (RRV), are unique in that they express viral homologues to cellular interfer...

Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is the signature pathology of AIDS. KS-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8) is causally linked to KS. Here, we report the first complete profile of KSHV transcription in primary KS lesions using a novel, real-time PCR array. The KSHV latency I mRNAs [latencyassociated nuclear antigen (LANA)/orf73, v-cyclin/orf72, and v-FLIP/ orf71] were invariably present in all biopsies. Y...

Introduction Dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) imaging involves the injection of a contrast agent bolus, during which sequential images are acquired. The blood plasma curve shape is an important component of many modelling approaches for DCE imaging, and models of these curves can be used to produce functional parameter estimates. For predictions or comparisons to be made using plasma curve data ...

Shigella flexneri is a facultative intracellular pathogen that relies on a type III secretion system and its associated effector proteins to cause bacillary dysentery in humans. The genes that encode this virulence system are located on a 230-kbp plasmid and are transcribed in response to thermal, osmotic, and pH signals that are characteristic of the human lower gut. The virulence genes are or...