ebola hemorrhagic fever (ehf) was first reported in 1976 with two concurrent outbreaks of acute viral hemorrhagic fever centered in yambuku (near the ebola river), democratic republic of congo, and also in nzara, sudan. the current outbreak of the ebola virus was started by reporting the first case in march 2014 in the forest regions of southeastern guinea. due to raising infection rates of ove...

The rapid spread of Zika virus (ZIKV) and its association with abnormal brain development constitute a global health emergency. Congenital ZIKV infection produces a range of mild to severe pathologies, including microcephaly. To understand the pathophysiology of ZIKV infection, we used models of the developing brain that faithfully recapitulate the tissue architecture in early to midgestation. ...

We describe the occurrence of measles in an 18 month-old patient in Sicily, Italy, in March 2015, who received the first dose of a measles-containing vaccine seven days before onset of prodromal symptoms. Measles virus infection was confirmed by PCR and detection of specific immunoglobulin; viral genotyping permitted the confirmation of a vaccine-associated illness. The patient had a concurrent...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the population effects of potential preventive and therapeutic vaccines in early- and late-stage epidemics in a population of homosexual men. METHODS An epidemic model was used that simulated the course of the epidemic for a population of homosexual men in San Francisco, California. Vaccine programs were evaluated by the number of cases of HIV averted, the effect on the ...

Trends in HIV virulence have been monitored since the start of the AIDS pandemic, as studying HIV virulence informs our understanding of HIV epidemiology and pathogenesis. Here, we model changes in HIV virulence as a strictly evolutionary process, using set point viral load (SPVL) as a proxy, to make inferences about empirical SPVL trends from longitudinal HIV cohorts. We develop an agent-based...

The effectiveness of a vaccine preserved for emergency use in Japan was analyzed under experimental conditions using cows and pigs in order to retrospectively evaluate the effectiveness of the emergency vaccination performed in the 2010 epidemic in Japan. Cows and pigs were administered a vaccine preserved for emergency use in Japan at 3 or 30 days before virus infection (dbv) and were subseque...

The first understanding of the viral/bacterial co-infection contribution to disease exacerbation came from studying the role of bacterial secondary infections during influenza pandemics. In the case of influenza virus, secondary infection has been substantially documented as ranging from 2% to 65% during a given epidemic [1]. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influ...

An epidemic of viral hepatitis was studied in the Okitsu area of Shimizu city in Japan from April 1980 to November 1981. One hundred thirty-six serum samples from patients with viral hepatitis were tested for hepatitis B virus, hepatitis A virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and cytomegalovirus infection. Immunoserological data showed the outbreak of viral hepatitis to be non-A, non-B hepatitis. Epidemi...

A newly developed transcription-mediated amplification assay was used to detect chikungunya virus infection in 3 of 557 asymptomatic donors (0.54%) from Puerto Rico during the 2014-2015 Caribbean epidemic. Viral detection was confirmed by using PCR, microarray, and next-generation sequencing. Molecular clock analysis dated the emergence of the Puerto Rico strains to early 2013.

Dengue is a febrile illness caused by Flavivírus and mainly transmitted by the mosquito Aedes aegypiti which have been a serious epidemic in Rio de Janeiro. In most of cases it was a self limited disease. We report two cases of a serious and rare complication of this viral infection.