background. regarding the lack of comprehensive systematic review on the efficacy of water fluoridation and prevalence of dental fluorosis, the aim of the current research was to systematically study the prevalence of dental fluorosis at different levels of water fluoride in the world and lay emphasis on the amount of fluoride in drinking water. methods. studies were searched in pubmed, scopus,...

antibodies found in the serum of a hemophiliac who had received numerous blood transfusions. In addition to anti-N, anti-S, and anti-K, the serum contained an antibody which reacted with bloods of certain Rh types, only blood cells from persons bearing at least one chromosome of type cde or cDe being agglutinated by this antibody. It svas postulated that these reactions were due to a new antige...

n engl j med 361;26 nejm.org december 24, 2009 2497 bill before the Senate would cover most uninsured Americans, sav­ ing thousands of lives each year and putting an end to our status as the only developed country that places so many of its citizens at risk for medical bankruptcy. Moreover, the bills would accom­ plish this aim while reducing the federal deficit over the next de­ cade and beyon...

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) constitutes an unprecedented challenge to medical science. Once an HIV infection is established, its clinical course, while protracted , is generally inexorable. With the possible exception of a group of recently described "long-term nonpro-gressors," virtually all HIV-infected individuals eventually develop acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), the outco...

TRIAL FIBRILLATION OCCURRING IN THE absence of any detectable heart disease has been termed " benign atrial fibrillation, " " isolated atrial fibrillation, " " idiopathic atrial fibrillation " and " lone atrial fibrilla-tion.' ' It has been recognized for a number of 'ears and several reports are available concerning the subject.. Exactly what defect exists that predisposes apparently otherwise...

T HE PLASMA PROTEINS of all but a small percentage of normal mdi-viduals possess the property of forming a complex with and of binding extracorpuscular hemoglobin. The capacity of these proteins, vhich have tentatively been identified as alpha-2-globulins,1 to bind hemoglobin is limited. Under in vitro and in vivo circumstances, hemoglobin may be bound in a concentration up to approximately 125...

Thank you for the invitation to address the opening ceremony of your fourth Nursing Academic International Congress. It is a double pleasure for me. First, I welcome the opportunity to return to the academic environment and rekindle memories of the kinds of debates and discussions that ideally characterize this kind of setting. Secondly, I will always feel a debt of gratitude to the nursing pro...

Ian Roberts and Robin Stott (Nov 27, p 1801) call for collective action from health professionals against the causes of climate change. Students can have a vital role in the debate on the eff ects of climate change on health. The International Federation of Medical Students’ Associations (IFMSA) represents more than 1·2 million medical students from more than 100 countries. Climate change is a ...

High densities of Evechinus chloroticus are common in the rocky subtidal of outer Dusky Sound, Fiordland. Within this area, organisms are zonated into three habitats. These habitats are a shallow fucoid fringe; a mid-depth barren zone dominated by crustose forms (algae and sessile invertebrates) and devoid of most large algae; a deeper algal meadow where smaller herbaceous and turfing algae pre...

Alphai-antitrypsin (aiAT) deficiency states, which predispose one to the development of pulmonary emphysema, have been described with increasing frequency. While the precise physiologic role of this protein is not known, it appears certain that it protects the lung from proteolytic digestion by a number of enzymes. Data are now available which mimic this situation in the experi­ mental animal a...