I analyzed a set of environmental and vegetation variables in order to characterize an intensification gradient for coffee production agroecosystems. I measured 14 habitat variables within 12 Colombian farms classified into four management systems at the Risaralda region of Colombia: Forests, Polygeneric Shaded coffee, Monogeneric Shaded coffee and Sun coffee plantations. The habitat variables ...

Background Vertical integration of the broiler industry allows producers to combine different biosecurity and sanitation practices, housing technologies, and feeding regimens to improve food safety. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and distribution of Salmonella, to determine the source of Salmonella contaminants, and to reveal the relationships between isolates at ea...

We performed large-eddy simulations in a neutral atmospheric boundary layer to study the interaction between two identical wind farms with 72 turbines each. demonstrate that farm wake created by upstream affects entire flow and around downstream farm. The vertical entrainment fluxes above are strengthened, resulting faster recovery behind These findings illustrate extended structures beyond sca...

Regulators face a choice of where in a vertical chain to set environmental regulation.1 Regulation that targets upstream sources of greenhouse gases focuses on firms producing (or importing) coal, natural gas, oil, and refined petroleum products. Downstream regulation may directly regulate pollution sources (e.g., motor vehicles, farms, and power plants) or perhaps focus further downstream by r...

Aquaculture of the geoduck, Panopea generosaGould, 1850, has increased dramatically during the past decade in southern Puget Sound, WA, and the effects of these intertidal aquaculture geoduck beds on local fauna is mostly unknown. This study examined the species composition, relative abundances, and biodiversity indices of mobile benthic fauna in geoduck farm areas of southern Puget Sound. Surv...

Salmonid farming in Ireland is mostly organic, which implies limited disease treatment options. This highlights the importance of biosecurity for preventing the introduction and spread of infectious agents. Similarly, the effect of local network properties on infection spread processes has rarely been evaluated. In this paper, we characterized the biosecurity of salmonid farms in Ireland using ...

In most habitats, vegetation provides the main structure of the environment. This complexity can facilitate biodiversity and ecosystem services. Therefore, measures of vegetation structure can serve as indicators in ecosystem management. However, many structural measures are laborious and require expert knowledge. Here, we used consistent and convenient measures to assess vegetation structure o...

“This landscape is offered to you by the local farmers.” In several places throughout the Netherlands and Belgium, billboards with such text can be found along the road. Perhaps the idea to promote farming in this way is new, but, for centuries, farmers, with their techniques and traditions, have strongly influenced the formation and nature of the surrounding landscapes. But what qualities do t...

Complex terrain conditions of wind farms, the large weight and long size turbine equipment, high economic requirements transportation on roads, a shortage relevant standards codes lead to difficulty in road design route selection farms. In addition, frequent excavations landfills farm construction have seriously destroyed vegetation cover soil structure primary surface, resulting amount water l...