Accelerometer measurements made by Spirit and Opportunity during their entries through the martian atmosphere are reported. Vertical profiles of atmospheric density, pressure, and temperature with sub-km vertical resolution were obtained using these data between 10 and 100 km. Spirit’s temperature profile is ∼10 K warmer than Opportunity’s between 20 and 80 km. Unlike all other martian entry pr...

We have derived an analytical expression in the wavenumber domain for calculating the gravity anomaly caused by an exponential density contrast model for an interface (Xia and Sprowl, 1990), above which the density contrast changes exponentially with depth. Constant density contrast and a linear density contrast are specific cases of the exponential density contrast model. The formula should be...

in the current study, five different atomistic water models (awms) are implemented, in order to investigate the impact of awms treatment on the water velocity profile and density number. for this purpose, molecular dynamics simulation (mds) of poiseuille flow in a nano-channel is conducted. considered awms are spc/e, tip3p, tip4p, tip4pfq and tip5p. to assessment of the ability of each model in...

When electrical magnetic wave passes through the ionosphere, it is reflected and disturbed. This feature will bring: 1) beneficial results i.e. as a media for radio signal long distance propagation; and 2) disadvantage results i.e. causing Global Positioning System (GPS) inaccuracy. Therefore it is necessary to build up an accurate ionospheric model for use in various applications. Because elec...

Oblique sounding may be used to obtain information about the ionosphere, in the form of an electron density profile, near the mid-point of two sites. This makes it useful for recovering ionospheric data at a point at which, for reasons of economy or geography, vertical sounding cannot be conducted. The information may be used in providing real-time propagation advice either for over-the-horizon...

The extension and frequency of algal blooms in surface waters can be monitored using remote sensing techniques, yet knowledge of their vertical distribution is fundamental to determine total phytoplankton biomass and understanding temporal variability of surface conditions and the underwater light field. However, different vertical distribution classes of phytoplankton may occur in complex inla...

Mercier's criterion is computed numerically for an exact class of axisymmetric MHD equilibria having possibly elliptical cross sections and a flat current profile. The main result is that the toroidal current density and the plasma beta can be increased by one order of magnitude if a) the eccentricity of the magnetic surfaces, b) the poloidal current, and c) the aspect ratio are adequately chos...

In 3 experiments, we examined maneuver choice, flight safety, and mental workload across 3-dimensional (3D) perspective and 2-dimensional coplanar cockpit displays of traffic information in a free-flight simulation. In Experiment 1 (30 pilots), we examined dimensionality issues; in Experiments 2 and 3 (18 pilots each), we examined the effects of traffic density, dimensionality, and vertical pro...

A 3-D test circuit examining power grid noise in a 3-D integrated stack has been designed, fabricated, and tested. Fabrication and vertical bonding were performed by MIT Lincoln Laboratory for a 150 nm, three metal layer SOI process. Three wafers are vertically bonded to form a 3-D stack. Noise analysis of a power delivery topology is described. The effect of the through silicon via (TSV) densi...

Successful empirical modeling of the topside ionosphere relies on the availability of good quality measured data. The Alouette, ISIS and Intercosmos-19 satellite missions provided large amounts of topside sounder data, but with limited coverage of relevant geophysical conditions (e.g., geographic location, diurnal, seasonal and solar activity) by each individual mission. Recently, methods for i...