introduction:surgical treatment of diseases in cervicothoracic, thoracic and thoracolumbar regions can be a challenging issue. cooperation of the thoracic surgeons and spine surgeons can improve the outcomes and decrease the complications of patients who underwent these approaches.materials & methods: the participants of this study consisted of seventeenpatients suffering from different types o...

 It has been reported that fractures are more common in epileptic patients relative to the general population. Seizures by repeated muscular contractions can increase fracture risk throughout the skeleton, but the reported papers about non traumatic vertebral fractures following a single episode of seizure are rare and mostly located in thoracic spine with only one or two vertebral fr...

total, regional and segmental growth rate of vertebral column were studied during the postnatal life of 30 male camels. these animals were into five groups of neonate, 1 y, 2.5-3y, 4-4.5y, 5.5-6y and 7-10 years divided. the results revealed that, although the growth rate was higher in younger animals than the older ones, but it was not constant in an regions and it was varied according to the a...

BACKGROUND Vertebroplasty is an effective treatment for osteoporotic vertebral fractures, which are one of the most common fractures associated with osteoporosis. However, clinical observation has shown that the risk of adjacent vertebral body fractures may increase after vertebroplasty. The mechanism underlying adjacent vertebral body fracture after vertebroplasty is not clear; excessive stiff...

to perform an accurate approach to the spine specially for fracture stabilization a 3d model of spine surgical region may improve this mechanism and it can help the surgeon to have a deeper glance to this scenario. the pre-op planning facility is another advantage of the patient spine specific model to take a chance of making guides to direct pedicle screws safely and increase the pathomechanic...

neurological manifestation may complicate takayasu arteritis (ta). a 23-year-old girl with sudden onset of vision loss was admitted to hospital. her brain mri showed abnormal t2-signal hyperintensity and visual evoked potential revealed prolonged p100 latency. consequently, optic neuritis was diagnosed. a review on history of dizziness, falling, and weak pulses of upper extremities led to more ...

vertebral artery is the first branch of subclavian artery. it merges with the same artery of the opposite side to form basilar artery and becomes one of the important source of blood supply to the brain. variation in the origin of left vertebral artery was found in 65 year old female during magnetic resonance angiography of the neck vessels. it originated from aortic arch and was longer as comp...

the subject of geometry and proportions has been regarded as an issue which has a close relationship with architecture. since the entire universe, living beings and the human geometry can be seen clearly, that’s why our unconscious essence has accustomed to these proportions whereby reflection of this mentality can be seen in the architect’s hands and thought in the architecture. it can witness...