Under normal circumstances, blood collected from superficial venous capillaries is directed upward and inward via one-way valves into superficial veins. These in turn drain via perforator veins, which pass through muscle fascia into deeper veins buried under the fascia. Leakage in a valve causes retrograde flow back into the vein. Unlike deep veins which are thick-walled and confined by fascia,...

Although the etiology of varicose veins remains unknown, recent studies have focused on endothelial cell integrity and function because the endothelium regulates vessel tone and synthesizes many pro- and anti-inflammatory factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the evidence involving the endothelium in the development of varicose vein disease. In addition, tissue remodeling was invest...

A blood clot in the veins that drain the blood from the brain is called a sinus or cerebral vein thrombosis. It is an uncommon type of clot, affecting about 1500 people in the United States per year. Normally, blood is transported through arteries into the brain, where it delivers oxygen and nutrients. Once the blood has done its job, it collects into small veins (known as cerebral veins) that ...

There is the need to develop a universally accepted standard investigation for recurrent varicose veins. Duplex venous imaging offers a precise, non-invasive technique to make anatomic and hemodynamic diagnoses. A routine protocol of duplex imaging of recurrent varicose veins is described based on the known recurrent sources of reflux from deep to superficial veins. Results from this protocol i...

Estrogen replacement increases risk of venous thrombosis. In this study, we determined responses in vitro to platelets and platelet products in veins from adult male and intact and ovariectomized female pigs. When contracted with prostaglandin F(2alpha), platelets (25,000 platelets/microl) caused relaxation in veins with endothelium. Higher numbers of platelets caused contraction in veins with ...

background: proton induced x-ray emission (pixe) has been applied as reliable and improved techniques in this study to compare concentration of various trace elements in normal and abnormal varicose veins. materials and methods: five samples from normal veins and 13 samples from varicose veins bombarded by 2.0 mev energy proton beams produced by a van de graff accelerator in vacuum. two specime...

CT scans in four cases of chronic superior vena cava or left brachiocephalic vein obstruction demonstrate a systemic-to-cardiac collateral venous pathway through anastomoses between the pericardial branches of systemic veins and the presumed adventitial veins of the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk. These adventitial veins then drain into tributaries of the anterior cardiac veins or ventricu...

We investigated the distribution and density of perivascular nerves in human mesenteric arteries and veins and their responses to noradrenaline (NA), ATP and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in control (non-inflamed) and inflamed bowel, using confocal microscopy and in vitro pharmacology. The density of innervation at the adventitial-medial border of arteries and within the medial muscle coat of veins was ...