This study addresses a long-standing debate as to why escalation in capital costs is so common over the lifecycle of ‘megaprojects’ – project-based, multi-party organizational contexts that are...

based on credibilistic value-at-risk (cvar) of regularfuzzy variable, we introduce a new cvar reduction method fortype-2 fuzzy variables. the reduced fuzzy variables arecharacterized by parametric possibility distributions. we establishsome useful analytical expressions for mean values and secondorder moments of common reduced fuzzy variables. the convex properties of second order moments with ...

In recent years finite-mixture models have been employed to approximate and model empirical diameter at breast height (DBH) distributions. We used two-component mixtures of either the Weibull distribution or the gamma distribution for describing the DBH distributions of mixed-species, two-cohort forest stands, to analyse the relationships between the DBH components, age cohorts and dominant spe...

During the last years it has become recognized that trust is an essential component in the design of protocols in distributed systems If for example a Key Distribution Center KDC is employed to distribute public keys the receiver of such a key has to trust the KDC that the key is authentic Sometimes a trusted entity may recommend another entity as being trustworthy which in turn can recommend f...

In statistic tests, the probability distribution of the statistics is important. When samples are drawn from population N (µ, σ(2)) with a sample size of n, the distribution of the sample mean X̄ should be a normal distribution N (µ, σ(2)/n). Under the null hypothesis µ = µ0, the distribution of statistics [Formula: see text] should be standardized as a normal distribution. When the variance of ...