A new solid state extractor pulser has been installed on the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL) magnetron ion source, replacing a vacuum tube style pulser that was used for over 40 years. The required ion source extraction voltage is 35 kV for injection into the radio frequency quadrupole. At this voltage, the old pulser had a rise time of over 150 μs due to the current limit of the v...

The thermal performance of a solar system composed of parallel, all-glass (double skin) vacuum tubes has been investigated by using a three-dimensional analytical model. Each vacuum tube is equipped with a coaxial fluid conduit for water to flow through and collect the sun's thermal energy. The space between the exterior of the fluid conduit and the glass tube is filled with antifreeze solution...

A target changeable palm-top size x-ray tube was realized using pyroelectric crystal and detachable vacuum flanges. The target metals can be exchanged easily by attaching them on the brass stage with carbon tape. When silver and titanium palates (area: 10 mm(2)) were used as targets, silver Lα and titanium K lines were clearly observed by bombarding electrons on the targets for 90 s. The intens...

Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory ~LIGO! is a joint project of the California Institute of Technology and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology funded by the National Science Foundation. The project is designed to detect gravitational waves from astrophysical sources such as supernova and black holes. The LIGO project constructed observatories at two sites in the U.S. Each...

What is pressure? .......................................................................................................................................... 1 Pressure unit: the pascal ............................................................................................................................ 3 Pressure measurement: piezometry .......................................................

What is pressure? .......................................................................................................................................... 1 Pressure unit: the pascal ............................................................................................................................ 3 Pressure measurement: piezometry .......................................................

Devices in which a controlled flow of electrons can be obtained are the basic building blocks of all the electronic circuits. Before the discovery of transistor in 1948, such devices were mostly vacuum tubes (also called valves) like the vacuum diode which has two electrodes, viz., anode (often called plate) and cathode; triode which has three electrodes – cathode, plate and grid; tetrode and p...

the purpose of this study was to investigate the deposition of the hydroxyapatite (ha) coating via the electrophoresis procedure. the ha deposition was performed in an ethanol, methanol, acetone and isopropanol suspension. methanol was found to be the best deposition media. among the different environmental conditions, including the encapsulation of the samples under two vacuum types of pressur...

I describe the results from lattice studies of probing the vacuum with static colour sources. Topics include • Twang the flux tube: string models and hybrid mesons. • Charge up the flux tube: adjoint and sextet sources. • Several sources: how does the colour flux get arranged?

Recently, a new generation of compact photomultipliers exhibiting high sensitivity, fast time response, extremely low background and extended dynamic range has been introduced. The electron multiplication is enabled by a high-gain and extremely low-background, closed-end, channel electron multiplier serving also as a body of the new mini electron tube. By preventing ultra-fine leaks by the intr...