Networks of parvalbumin (PV)-expressing basket cells are implicated in synchronizing cortical neurons at various frequencies, through GABA(A) receptor-mediated synaptic action. These cells are interconnected by GABAergic synapses and gap junctions, and converge with a different class of cholecystokinin-expressing, PV-negative basket cells onto pyramidal cells. To define the molecular specializa...

as the main element of economy, human being has requirements the main one of which is the need for food security and healthy nutrition. unfortunately, in the iranian society there are two groups of people who do not enjoy food security. these groups include people who either do not have the financial means to provide healthy and nutritious food or those who, despite having the financial means, ...

Background. Long-term urologic complications after total hip arthroplasty are rare, and reports in the urologic literature are scant. We present a recent case and review the relevant literature. Case. A 77-year-old man was referred to the urology clinic for a single episode of gross painless hematuria, abnormal urine cytology, and pelvic mass. He had a significant smoking history. Surgical hist...

Introduction: To present our experience of using transperitonealsubcostal access (Palmer’s point and the right corresponding site) in urologic laparoscopy. Material and methods: We used Palmer’s point and the right corresponding site for initial access in 302 urologic surgeries (48 cases with prior surgeries). The record of these cases was reviewed. Results: Success rate of initial access is 99...

PURPOSE The da Vinci robot system has been used to perform complex reconstructive procedures in a minimally invasive fashion. Robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy has recently established as one of the standard cares. Based on experience with the robotic prostatectomy, its use is naturally expanding into other urologic surgeries. We examine our practical pattern and application of ...

Introduction: To present our experience of using transperitonealsubcostal access (Palmer’s point and the right corresponding site) in urologic laparoscopy. Material and methods: We used Palmer’s point and the right corresponding site for initial access in 302 urologic surgeries (48 cases with prior surgeries). The record of these cases was reviewed. Results: Success rate of initial access is 99...

BACKGROUND Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a powerful modulator of anti-tumor immune responses. The IL-10 promoter region polymorphisms are known to regulate IL-10 production, and thus are thought to be implicated in tumorigenesis. Recently, the roles of these polymorphisms in urologic cancer have been extensively studied, with conflicting results. Therefore, we conducted the present meta-analysis to...

OBJECTIVE Computed tomography (CT) is an imaging modality used to detect renal stones. However, there is concern about the lifetime cumulative radiation exposure attributed to CT. Ultrasonography (US) has been used to diagnose urolithiasis, thereby avoiding radiation exposure. The objective of this study was to determine the ability of US to identify renal colic patients with a low risk of requ...